helicopter flight training manual pdf

rate of climb. For headings of more than 180 degrees subtract 200 and then add 20. Your instructor will demonstrate the sequence of events to you and the desired pilot reaction: This exercise is the basis of many others and the skill learned will be used in almost every flight you make from now on in your career. Aviation to present days. Low-level flight over the trees: they give little or no choice for you to make an emergency landing. To accelerate to specific airspeed ease the cyclic forward to select the attitude, hold the attitude, and then adjust for accuracy. These vortices tend to descend below the path of the aircraft producing them and spread apart. The navigation exercise then breaks down into a confused search for a way out of the weather. Now let’s look at a practical application. Even if the helicopter appears to be operating normally in all other respects, it makes good sense to land and investigate. Ground Training during this phase emphasizes Helicopter Aerodynamics, Power Plants, Flight instructor manual (aeroplane) This is an update of Publication 45, first published by the Department of Civil Aviation in 1967. In this way, you will establish the maximum safe flying speed for your load. Heliport/Airport Familiarization. sources. An accurate level turn may be described as a change of direction, maintaining a desired angle of bank, altitude and airspeed with no slip or skid. Helicopter Pilot Training Manuals Whether you're an aviation enthusiast looking for an introduction to helicopter training, a student working towards your license, or a trained pilot or instructor looking to sharpen your skills and knowledge, here at Flightstore we have a large collection of books containing all the helicopter pilot training . The techniques learned in Exercise 09 and 12 should still continue to be used in normal conditions. In turbulent air, severe vertical gusts can cause a sudden increase in angle of attack, resulting in increased rotor blade loads that are resisted by the inertia of the helicopter. Under some conditions (e.g. Author - Pilotmi8. It is the Army's intent that LUH aircraft operate in non-hostile environments. 10 0 obj During this exercise, your instructor will demonstrate the effects of flapback if it is not compensated for with additional forward cyclic during the transition. Training circular (TC) 3-04.42 standardizes aircrew training programs (ATP) and flight evaluation procedures. During the exercise, bear in mind the following airmanship points to include that you: Begin your pedal turns from a stable hover, preferably with the helicopter facing into wind. To decrease the airspeed, apply aft cyclic, and decrease the collective to prevent the helicopter from climbing. Supplied to the customer as a constructor. Some airfields will not be equipped with either a tower or a FSS, but will only have a “Unicom” frequency that may or may not be monitored. Once again prevent yaw through the use of the tail rotor pedals. In strong winds, more frequent power’s changes will be required to maintain height. Start the turn by applying pedal to rotate the helicopter in the desired direction: to turn left apply left pedal, to turn right apply right pedal. Easing the cyclic in the direction opposite to the turn will return the helicopter to straight and level flight. These lines enable the pilot to estimate track errors and required heading changes with reasonable accuracy. This syllabus provides a comprehensive and integrated flight and ground school training program. This indicates you are about to take off. /Subtype /Link TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. For example, a turn of 100 degrees to the left can be made by turning on to a reference point which lines up with the 8:30 clock code position. The instructor normally simulated by twisting off the throttle; at that time: The points listed above are the minimum actions that must be completed to ensure the best chance for a successful forced landing. Then, move the mixture control toward “rich” until a decrease in RPM is just perceptible. Heliport night lighting consists of a minimum of 8 yellow or green lights around the perimeter of the take-off and landing area. However, as the angle of bank is increased, the attitude of the disc must be altered by backward pressure on the cyclic. Airspeed, torque/MP, and/or altimeter indicate the adjustment to be made in power or attitude. The angle between the old required track and the new required track to arrive at the destination. Recovery Techniques. Inspection of the aircraft, and the completion of necessary checks and procedures. The ratio of aircraft weight to aerofoil size also has a bearing on the vortex produced. It is possible to exceed the cyclic control limits when performing slope landings. The result of pressure on one pedal will be a yaw in the corresponding direction, i.e. Normally this technique will result in less altitude loss than with the autorotational recovery. Now let’s look at a practical example of these two methods in Figure 20-7. Other Traffic. Once established at a constant rate of descent, fine adjustments are made using collective pitch (power) changes. The lower the nose, the greater the power required maintaining level flight, and the greater the resulting airspeed. Dependent upon individual aircraft design a turn of more than, or a fraction of, 90 degrees can be estimated by using the angle between the nose of the helicopter and the 9 o’clock and 3 o’clock position as a guide. Simply double the amount of track error or opening angle, and apply this to the original heading in the direction of the required track: the helicopter will regain track in approximately the same period of time as it took to drift off track, and the required track will be intercepted again at a distance along track equal to twice the distance from the set heading point to the point when the heading change was made (Point A in Fig 20-3). Always perform a hover-check; this will give you an accurate check of the power being used, and therefore what is still available to you, and how the load is affecting your centre of gravity. is likely to be exaggerated as the turn develops. On most European helicopters the right pedal is the power pedal. stream . This involves the capability of piloting an aircraft a reasonable distance over relatively unfamiliar territory with a minimum of apprehension and a maximum of pleasure. FOREWORD One of the important ingredients for a safe and viable aviation industry is a properly resourced flying training sector. Setup and Ground School; Primary Flight Training; Basic & Intermediate Aerobatics; From the world's #1 source for accelerated R/C flight instruction, Heli Flight Trainingmanual is a complete flight training system utilizing concise text descriptions and hundreds of illustrations with control stick diagrams to guide both new and experienced helicopter pilots step by step . All schools have a system of reporting defects. transitions from hover to forward flight. The earlier in the departure that you make a decision to abort, the easier it will be to recover and return the helicopter to a landing or a hover. The yaw axis is the unstable in a single rotor helicopter and demands special attention from the pilot. Your instructor will teach you the actions to be taken should the engine fail. The Source you'll find out a lot of AIRPLANE & HELICOPTER Pilot's Flighting Manuals in PDF format from the dawn of Aviation to present days. 1. During hovering flight the anti-torque pedals are used to maintain or change the helicopter heading. This is particularly important if visibility is a factor. Most light turbine helicopters are equipped with an engine anti-icing system operated by engine bleed air. In the event of any emergency in flight jettison the load. Hovering is defined as maintaining a constant height and heading over a given position on the ground. It is imperative that the pilot closes his flight plan/flight itinerary by notifying the appropriate agency when the intended or alternate destination is reached. To enter a turn, the cyclic is eased in the direction required. Flying low level over obstacles usually results in a forced landing that is difficult to successfully complete. Initially, climbing and descending turns will be entered from normal straight climbs and descents and the recovery made back to straight climbing or descending flight, to enable you to experience and readily observe the difference in pitch attitude necessary to maintain the desired airspeed. Once the load is attached to the hook, you may commence a slow vertical ascent until the sling becomes taut and the helicopter is centred over the load. To offset these differences, place the protractor at the midpoint of the track line when measuring that angle. check the cargo hook is correctly fitted and undamaged, and that all suspension, electrical and mechanical cables are secure and there is no evidence of fraying or chafing; check that the normal release mechanism is fully functional by physically checking that the hook opens when the release is activated; check that the emergency release system is functional by physically checking that the hook operates when the emergency release is activated; inspect all slings, straps, and nets for general condition. At uncontrolled aerodromes, pilots must use the appropriated frequency to transmit position reports and broadcast their intentions while operating in the zone. Some helicopters have a ‘ball’ to assist you to keep in co-ordinated flight. When passing near a spot that you could consider for an emergency landing, estimate its suitability. As power is increased, the pedals must be adjusted to remain in co-ordinated flight. An easy method for mentally calculating the reciprocal of a heading is to add 200 to headings less than 180 degrees and then subtract 20. Prior to entering the climb, good airmanship dictates that you ensure that there is no traffic ahead and above. approach the landing area as required; and. When the power is increased, the nose will have to be eased down to maintain altitude, then the airspeed increases. A Special Operations Pilot must have at least 1,500 hours helicopter Pilot-in-Command flight hours. Look out continually. Unless noted, Canadian Aviation Regulations require all circuits to be left hand, but often ATC will request a right hand circuit for separation from fixed wing circuits. Helicopter Aircrew Training Solutions 7 Military Helicopter Flight Training Device The CAE 700MR Series is CAE's next-generation flight training device (FTD) that offers an immersive, realistic and cost-effective experience for military helicopter-specific flight and mission training. This exercise is to learn how to fly an accurate circuit practising all the manoeuvres that you have previously been taught. If the performance instruments indicate that the heading or altitude is not as required, attention is directed to the control instruments while adjusting attitude and power sufficiently to make a correction. By going back to basic geometry again and consulting Figure 20-5, it can be seen that by altering the heading by an amount equal to the sum of the opening and closing angles, we should track to destination. Over the years, you will be asked to sling different loads. Readers are encouraged to provide feedback to ensure that the nose will move steadily around the horizon, neither rising nor falling; the turn indicator will show a constant rate of turn; the ball will be centred in its glass tube; you should repeatedly check the attitude instruments and maintain a good lookout. No reliable pinpoint was available until 45 minutes later, close to where the north-south railway crosses Highway 10, 82 miles along the track. License: Freeware - Free version, Unlimited distribution. The object of applying bank during a turn is to incline the lift so that, in addition to supporting the helicopter, it can provide the necessary centripetal force towards the centre of the turn to oppose centrifugal force, which is endeavouring to pull the helicopter away from the centre of the turn. The rotor disc (miniature aircraft wings) should be level with the horizon on the attitude indicator if the instrument has been adjusted correctly. Drift corrections will not normally be required if the take-off heading is into the wind; departure references. The power recovery may be performed to either the hover, or the hover-taxi and is a good coordination exercise and should be practised when it is not possible to perform full-on autorotations. The actual path of the helicopter over the ground. Nevertheless, it is valuable training exercise that consolidates all previous air exercises into one convenient package. Refer to the Approved Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM) to determine specific procedures for your helicopter. Remember that when you are doing cockpit checks you must not bury your head in the cockpit. It is used to set the engine and rotor RPM to the normal operating range on piston engine helicopters. Always perform your hover-check after each stop. Normal flight may then be resumed. This is where the pilot rapidly increases collective considerably and the engine cannot produce enough power to overcome the large, swift increase in drag on the rotor system. AB and AW are two names for the same product. An updated resource for instrument flight instructors, pilots, and students. The techniques in this section are usually employed because of operational situations and conditions. Following the flight you must once again, using a checklist, follow the recommended procedure for engine cool down, and shutdown. It provides flight instructors of all levels with a guide to elementary flying training. This provides an organized record and schedule for the flight and minimizes the possibility of forgetting important data and having to compute problems in flight. For example, when the task is to fly straight and level, the most important performance instruments are the heading indicator and the altimeter. Therefore, for visual night navigation, greater stress should be placed on positively identifiable lighted features such as cities and towns, large lakes or rivers; the ability to map read will be dependent on the weather and the moon. Download Free PDF. Your instructor will demonstrate that in addition to increasing RPM, applying throttle will also cause the manifold pressure to increase, and the helicopter to yaw to the right. ATTITUDE INDICATOR. The light arrows depict the important (but less frequent) scan used to confirm heading and attitude information. The obstacle can shield the helicopter from the wind, and as you climb you may find you will “pick up” the wind, which will assist the departure. T.I.P.I. It is important to set the heading indicator accurately WHILE IN STRAIGHT FLIGHT. Found insideNow spiral bound! The CAE 700MR Series is based on the CAE 3000MR There is certainly no purpose in exceeding that speed, as after that point, no increased range will result. Lateral movements of the cyclic will produce and control-rolling motion to establish and maintain desired angles of bank, or to restore the helicopter to a level attitude. Light single engine helicopters are hover-taxied at the normal hover height of 3 to 5 feet skid height. The angle between the required track and the track made good. You must anticipate this torque reaction whenever changing power and make the appropriate pedal adjustment to maintain coordinated flight. The nose of the miniature aircraft in relation to its artificial horizon corresponds to the pitch attitude of the nose of the helicopter in relation to the real horizon. Know how to interpret the position lights of other aircraft so you can determine their location and direction of movement relative to yourself. This may build up to such an extent that a drop in power output results, and if not corrected may cause complete engine stoppage. To proceed from cruise flight to a descent: While in the descent, remember to scan your engine instruments to ensure that all temperatures and pressures are within limits, and keep a good lookout for other aircraft. While these occurrences primarily involve light aeroplanes, the helicopter is also vulnerable if the pilot selects a flight path that intrudes upon the turbulence generated by airflow from the trailing edge of an aerofoil. Initially, it may be difficult to recognize these changes. %PDF-1.7 This instrument indicates the angle of bank and the attitude of the helicopter in the pitching plane. Helicopter flight instructor manual This manual is an educational tool for use by Australian and New Zealand helicopter flight instructors. It is also possible to shorten the range of an autorotation by turning the helicopter. In a co-ordinated turn the ball will be centred in its curved glass tube. Aircraft Journey Log Book. 9 0 obj 9-00) PAT, Introduction to Helicopter Aerodynamics Workbook, Aerodynamics, Transition Helicopter, is issued for information, standardization of instruction and guidance of instructors and student naval aviators in the Naval Air Training Command. If an autorotation is required, the pilot should use the appropriate airspeeds dependent on the manufacturer’s recommended procedures. Standard hand signals to be used during slinging are shown in the following diagram. Training. It is most important to maintain a steady planned heading and airspeed. use power only as required and when clear of the obstacle adjust to normal climb configuration. transmit a MAYDAY call, an example is shown at the end of this exercise; if possible, identify the problem and take appropriate action to rectify it; warn the crew and passengers, ensure they are told to brace themselves; and. Now that flight training has begun in earnest, start observing this rule: look around. As previously discussed, there may be occasions when it will not be prudent to conduct full-on autorotations, but you may wish to practice the techniques by performing an autorotational descent to a power recovery. It is not, however, used to control the heading while in cruise flight, but only to compensate for torque. The 120 acre practice area (PA) has three If time does not permit a full call, even a partial transmission could make the difference in the response of rescue personnel. : to the left in a North American helicopter. Using this procedure will lessen the chance of a tail rotor strike. Cyclic controls bank and pitch attitude, the collective controls altitude and the pedals prevent yaw. The first flight will be an entirely new experience, but what may look complicated and difficult at this time will become less and less so as your flight training progresses. By simply flying visually from the present position (A in Fig 20-4) to the positively identified landmark, the new heading can now be flown and the helicopter should remain on the required track. Raising the collective will result in an increase in helicopter hover height and a decrease in hover height will result if the collective is lowered. Providing a detailed look at helicopter maneuvers, the information in this guide helps to solidify concepts gained from flight training in a student pilot's mind by incorporating the Practical Test Standards into every maneuver description. During low-level navigation flight, you have to be on the lookout for obstacles such as TV and radio antennas, power lines, factory chimneys, and sharply rising ground. Most mixture adjustments are required during changes of altitude or during operations at high altitude. There is no disgrace in not arriving directly over a check or turning point. To commence this manoeuvre, look first in the direction that you intend to turn, ensuring that the area is clear of obstacles that could pose a hazard to the helicopter. Dive out. Most light helicopters have a cabin heater, which may be one of several different types, including: engine bleed air, muff or “Casey”, and combustion heaters. Be aware that in both turbine and reciprocating engine helicopters, exhaust fumes can enter the cockpit under certain wind conditions while hovering to the rear. Michael R. Lindeburg PE’s FE Review Manual, 3rd Edition FE Review Manual offers a complete review for the FE exam. This book is part of a comprehensive learning management system designed to help you pass the FE exam the first time. After completing the pre-entry checks, manoeuvre the helicopter to a position, which will allow the safe completion of the full-on autorotation. It also includes material developed in conjunction with the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand. To commence sideways flight from the hover, proceed as follows (Fig 16-1): 4. apply pedals as necessary to maintain heading and prevent yaw or weathercocking; 5. adjust the cyclic as required to overcome flapback and to keep the helicopter moving at a smooth, constant rate; and. Through practise of the circuit you will develop accuracy in all aspects of your flying. helicopter. Do not be too proud or afraid to ask for assistance. This will depend on the position of the aircraft. If larger changes are required, power will likely have to be adjusted. In other words, keep it straight with pedal. You must remember that the tail rotor is some distance behind you, and care must be exercised when manoeuvring to ensure that you do not strike the tail rotor on any obstacles, or the slope itself. Your ability to conduct cross-slope landings will also be determined by cyclic limitations; there may be insufficient cyclic travel available to you to land the helicopter. This is of even greater significance if there are fixed and rotary wing aircraft operating at the same airfield. It is imperative that a reliable watch or clock be on board the helicopter during cross-country flights. The first solo is a landmark in your flying career. Chapter8, A Basic Flight Simulator Tutorial, provides a tutorial on the basics of flying, illustrated with many examples on how things actually look in FlightGear. << select a slightly nose-high attitude by moving the cyclic aft; reduce power to prevent the helicopter from climbing by lowering collective, and correlating throttle if appropriate to the helicopter type; prevent yaw through use of the tail rotor pedals; pause, allowing the airspeed to stabilize; and. This is the PDF format (Adobe Acrobat) version of this syllabus. Control the rate of the turn with pedal; that is: less left pedal to reduce the rate of a left turn, and vice versa. The downwind or 180° emergency turn entails turning the helicopter back into the wind during the stop, avoiding the dangers of a low airspeed while facing downwind. endobj Sit comfortably upright, do not lean away from the centre of the turn, nor should you make a conscious effort to keep your body stiffly vertical. Use the pedals to keep the nose pointed at the selected spot while effecting lateral movement with the cyclic. On most light turbine helicopters, the throttle is used to bring the engine up into the governed range, where precise adjustments of the engine and rotor RPM are made through the engine governor “beep” switch. experimental, experienced, serial, single copies of the aircraft. Alternatively, a visual correction could have been made to the point where the original required track meets the curve in the railway line at Blackburn Mines, where a heading of 109 degrees (105 degrees + 4 degrees opening angle) taken at the time would have kept the helicopter on the track to Carnegie. These are useful because they require minimum or no flare for a skids level attitude on touchdown, and the landing light remains effective throughout the landing sequence. You should consult your A.I.M Canada for details. A study of helicopter accidents in Canada will reveal that many are associated with slinging operations. In aviation terminology, the term wind velocity, usually abbreviated to W/V, implies both the direction of the wind and its speed. You must also maintain the cyclic in a neutral, or slightly forward, position to preclude the development of a rocking motion if running on. An official publication of the Federal Aviation Administration, this is the ultimate technical manual for anyone who flies or wants to learn to fly a helicopter. When a helicopter on a southerly heading executes a turn, the compass card turns faster than the helicopter, instead of remaining stationary on its pivot. is aerodynamically inefficient and will adversely affect the airspeed and the glide distance. An illustration change is indicated by a miniature pointing hand. If a heading indicator is being used, check its heading frequently with the magnetic compass and reset it as necessary. Hello. If during this inspection you discover an un-serviceability, or have any doubts about the helicopter’s airworthiness, then it should not be flown. Should you hold the maximum range speed down to flare height, you would find that the flare would have to be maintained longer in order to reduce the ground speed to acceptable level for the touchdown. anticipate the desired heading by approximately 10 degrees; roll the helicopter to level flight with lateral cyclic, and at the same time; use appropriate pedal pressure to control yaw; flight manual performance charts for in-ground effect and out-of-ground effect hover. A nose-low attitude caused by too much forward cyclic will cause the helicopter to accelerate again, resulting in a faster touchdown speed and a longer ground run. Shallow approaches use less power than standard or steep, but require an approach path, which is relatively flat and free from obstacles. Prior to take off the pedals are centralized. 6 0 obj The interpretation of the attitude indicator in helicopter flying must also be discussed. Land; with wheeled chassis: with tail support; with front support; with bicycle type support; with ski gear; with tracked If the nose is allowed to pitch up too high there will be a decrease in airspeed; conversely, if the nose is allowed to pitch down too low, the airspeed indicator will rapidly indicate an increase in speed. This, combined with the greater attention that must be given to handling the helicopter, cuts down the time you have to positively identify your landmarks and checkpoints as they come up. Small, smooth, coordinated control movements achieve this condition. Ensure that the available equipment is capable of safely carrying the weight of the planned load; and. In preparation for this flight your instructor will first accustom you to the cockpit layout, including the flight and engine instruments (Fig 1-1 and 1-2). Conversion of IAS to TAS (or vice-versa) can be done very rapidly on your circular navigation computer. An increase in pitch will require an increase in power, a decrease in pitch a decrease in power. The reverse applies when power is decreased. /S /S Type - Document. A short summary of this paper.

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