english electric canberra

4326B-P.N. A B(I).8 Canberra in the interdictor role - No. Licence built aircraft in USA by Glenn L. Martin Co. Among the companies short-listed to proceed with development studies was English Electric, a well-established industrial manufacturer with very little aircraft design experience, though when a desperate need for bombers arose during the early years of the Second World War, English Electric had built the Handley Page Hampden and later the Handley Page Halifax four-engined bomber under licence. At the time, the company had little experience in the design of military aircraft, having spent most of their formative years during WW2 building aircraft for the likes of Handley Page and De Havilland. In several wars, both of the opposing forces had Canberras in their air forces. [15] To meet the requirement, the B2 design was modified by adding a 14-inch (36 cm) bay forward of the wing behind the cockpit to house seven cameras. It proved extremely versatile and undertook a number of varied roles. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) developed Plan "D" for its postwar structure, built around the concept of a small, agile air arm employing leading edge technology. Several British aircraft manufacturers submitted proposals. [31], Operators such as Rhodesia developed their own munitions such as anti-personnel bomblets, the Alpha bomb, and adapted these for use by their Canberra fleets. A number of these were transferred from the USA to Pakistan as well as the Republic of China (Taiwan). [14], With a maximum speed of 470 kt (871 km/h), a standard service ceiling of 48,000 ft (14,600 m), and the ability to carry a 3.6-tonne (7,900 lb) payload, the Canberra was an instant success. The Ministry of Supply issued Specification B.3/45 for the further development and production of 4 aircraft, project named EE A.1. [143], Data from Combat Aircraft Recognition[144], Photo-reconnaissance and conversion roles, The inability of the Canberra to perform the nuclear mission led to American, The linescan equipment came from reconnaissance pods which were used by RAF, The Avro Lincoln was a development of the famous. [18] It was the same basic design as the B2 apart from the introduction of side-by-side seating for the pilot and the instructor and the replacement of the glazed nose with a solid nose. Ex-RAF B.2 for Argentina. RAF, Trainer variant, RAF and export to India. This is due to the flexibility of the Canberra in its operational roles and performance ...", It was designed for a crew of two under a fighter-style canopy, but delays in the development of the intended automatic radar bombsight resulted in the addition of a bomb aimer's position in the nose. The RNZAF operated 13 Canberra aircraft between 1959 and 1970. Overview. "Spyplane: The U-2 History Declassified". [10] The use of swept-wings was examined but decided against as the expected operational speeds did not warrant it, and it would have introduced unresolved aerodynamic problems to what was aimed at being a straightforward replacement for the RAF's Hawker Typhoon and Westland Whirlwind fighter-bombers. Updated T.17 with improved navigation aids, a spectrum analyser and a powerful communications jammer. [citation needed]. Interdictor version of the B.2 for Venezuela. The English Electric Canberra. [76] Australia evaluated the BAC TSR-2, Dassault Mirage IV, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II and North American A-5 Vigilante, and initially appeared to favour the TSR-2, but chose to procure the General Dynamics F-111C in October 1963. RAF Germany's force of four squadrons equipped with the B(I)6 and B(I)8 could carry US-owned Mark 7 nuclear bombs, while three squadrons based on Cyprus and one at Singapore were armed with British-owned Red Beard nuclear weapons. [62] While Australia never introduced nuclear weapons into service, the Canberra's ability to carry such a payload was a factor in its acquisition;[63] Australia's planned force of 48 Canberras, with the potential for being nuclear-armed, was viewed as far more potent and deterring than the entire RAAF's wartime forces of 254 heavy bombers. [64][N 4] The first Australian-built Canberra first flew on 29 May 1953 at Avalon and was delivered to the RAAF for service trials a few weeks later. [56] Small numbers of specially equipped Canberras were also used for signals intelligence, being operated by 192 Squadron and then 51 Squadron from 1953 to 1976. RAF and export to India (3), Interdictor derived from B.6 with a new forward fuselage with offset teardrop canopy and navigator station ahead of pilot. [52], Group of RAF Canberra B15s of No. Lake, Jon. 39 (1 PRU) Squadron until July 2006 for strategic reconnaissance and photographic mapping, seeing service in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and, up to June 2006, in Afghanistan. [101] The pilot ejected safely but the navigator was killed. JetPhotos.com is the biggest database of aviation photographs with over 4 million screened photos online! It is believed that 10 airworthy aircraft are in private hands today and are flown at air displays. 540 Squadron RAF began to convert from the Mosquito PR.34. [4], In June 1945, the design of the aircraft that was to become the Canberra bore many similarities to the eventual design, despite the placement of a single, centrally-mounted turbojet engine; two wing-mounted engines were adopted later that year. The English Electric “Canberra” is a first-generation jet-powered light bomber manufactured in large numbers through the 1950s. [79], First used in combat by the IAF in 1962, the Canberra was employed during the UN campaign against the breakaway Republic of Katanga in Africa. Both engine types are on display in the HARS Engine Hall. The aircraft was fully restored to airworthiness and painted to represent the Canberras flown by No. "Pakistani Attack Slices Truce Line". 27 talking about this. 21 January 1951 – first non-stop unrefuelled transatlantic crossing by a jet. The list above does not include nose sections, full or part fuselages or 'Fire Training airframes'. [104] It would fly in front of the aircraft being tested which would fly into the artificial cloud created by the sprayed water to induce icing. [44] The aircraft were no longer required after June 1956, following the introduction of the US Lockheed U-2 purpose-built reconnaissance aircraft; Project Robin was then terminated. Specifications. 18 Αυγ 2018 - Explore Demetris Plastourgos 2's board "English Electric Canberra", followed by 446 people on Pinterest. [32] Anti-personnel flechette bombs were tested successfully from the Canberra by Rhodesia, but not used operationally due to international agreements. One of the worst combat loss incidents occurred on 1 September 1965, when four Indian Canberras were shot down by Pakistani fighters. [20], Rolls-Royce Avon engine on display, Temora Aviation Museum, 2011, The Canberra is constructed mostly of metal, only the forward portion of the tail-fin being made from wood. The manufacturer specified that Coffman engine starters should be used to start the engine. 16 additional aircraft converted from B.2. [102] It was the last Argentine aircraft to be lost in combat during the Falklands War, the Argentine forces surrendering the next day. "Canberra PR.9: Supreme Reconnaissance Platform". To help protect against ground anti-aircraft fire, armour plating was designed and fitted to Canberras deployed to Vietnam. [30] Two bomb-bays are housed within the fuselage, these are normally enclosed by conventional clam-shell doors; this was substituted for a rotating door on the Martin-built B-57 Canberras. Each crew member has a Martin-Baker ejection seat except in the B(I)8 and its export versions where the navigator makes use of an escape hatch and parachute. Trainer for pilots and navigators of all-weather interceptors to operate the Airborne Intercept radar, crew of four. Proving to be fairly free of problems, this first flight was almost immediately followed by the manufacturing of production Canberras, entering squadron service with RAF No. Anderton, David A. PR.7 upgraded for India with autopilot, additional navigation equipment, radio altimeter and re-worked electrics. Prototypes for type development work and research, at first known by the company designation A.1. 101 Squadron in May 1951. English Electric Canberra WH887 was built as a B.2 for the Royal Air Force, by Short Brothers at Belfast. [17] The prototype designated T4 first flew on 12 June 1951. The information shown is based on that available at the time of the content creation. [142], A PR9 Canberra (XH134) has been restored at Cotswold airport. [20] The first examples were almost the same as the English Electric pattern aircraft, apart from the tandem crew seating but later models were substantially different. The English Electric Canberra is an all-metal, semi-monocoque construction with a canti-levered wing and a wooden vertical stabiliser. [93] Ethiopian Canberras were used against Eritrea and again against Somalia during the 1970s. 3 Sqn, RAF Kuantan, 1964 Les Bywaters, author of this site, passed away on 13th January 2009. [39], The Canberra replaced Mosquitos, Lincolns and Washingtons as front line bombers, showing a drastically improved performance, and proving to be effectively immune from interception during air defence exercises until the arrival of the Hawker Hunter. In 1960, English Electric Aircraft (40%) merged with Vickers (40%) and Bristol (20%) to form British Aircraft Corporation . LABS (Low-Altitude Bombing System). See more ideas about αεροπλάνα, ελικόπτερο, αεροπορία. The Canberra could fly at a higher altitude than any other bomber through the 1950s and set a world altitude record of 70,310 ft (21,430 m) in 1957. RAF. At least two Canberras retired from the Argentine Air Force have been preserved in Argentina: A Canberra T Mk.4 457 (71543) of the South African Air Force is displayed at the South African Air Force Museum, Swartkop Air Force Base, Pretoria. WH863. Several ex-RAF machines and RB-57s remain flying in the US for research and mapping work. B.15 Converted with enhanced electronics fit as interception targets for air defence training and radar calibration. BBC Timewatch episode "Spies in the Sky", 1994, Episode 3. ISBN 0-7603-0957-4. Upgraded B.6 for low level tactical strike. The English Electric Canberra is a British first-generation jet-powered light bomber manufactured in large numbers through the 1950s. In January 1957 India placed a large order for the Canberra; a total of 54 B(I)58 bombers, eight PR57 photo-reconnaissance aircraft, and six T4 training aircraft were ordered, deliveries began in the summer of that same year. The aircraft were secretly modified in Sweden as espionage aircraft for eavesdropping on primarily Soviet, Polish and East German military radio transmissions, although this was not publicly admitted until 10 years later. The aircraft was finally retired from RAF service in 2006, 57 years after its first flight. Peruvian Air Force Canberras flew combat sorties against Ecuadorian positions during the Cenepa War in 1995. EE Canberra low pass over runway at Farnborough with belly-mounted rocket motor ignited 1957. Toho bylo částečně dosaženo použitím nově vyvinuté technologie tryskového pohonu. During the Suez Crisis the RAF employed around 100 Canberras, flying conventional bombing and reconnaissance missions from airfields in both Malta and Cyprus. [15] The Canberra PR3 was the first purely photographic aircraft ever designed for the RAF. English Electric Canberra byl britský střední proudový bombardér první generace. Low level tactical strike role converted from B.6(BS). [8], To enable crews to convert to flying the Canberra, a trainer version was developed to meet Air Ministry Specification T2/49. RAAF Serial no. English Electric Canberra MSN. A84-125 Location. 26 August 1952 – the prototype B5 made the first double transatlantic crossing by a jet, with a total time of 10 hr 3 min. [46], The Canberra was the victorious aircraft flown in The Last Great Air Race from London to Christchurch in 1953, piloted by Flight Lieutenant Roland (Monty) Burton, which touched down at Christchurch 41 minutes ahead of its closest rival – after 23hr 51min in the air; to this day the record has never been broken. After numerous post-war political and economic delays, the initial A.1. [2][3], The Canberra had its origins in a 1944 Air Ministry requirement for a successor to the de Havilland Mosquito – a high altitude, high-speed bomber with no defensive armament. English: The English Electric Canberra is a first-generation jet-powered light bomber manufactured in large numbers through the 1950s. Canberra Mk 20 (A84-235) in RAAF No. GAF.C.FF40 . During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Indian Canberras flew a strategically important sortie against the Karachi oil tanks, this had the effect of helping the Indian Navy in their own operations, a series of missile boat attacks against the Pakistani coast. [82] On 21 May 1999, prior to the commencement of the Kargil War, the Indian Air Force Air HQ assigned a Canberra PR57 aircraft on a photographic mission near the Line of Control, where it took a severe blow from a FIM-92 Stinger infrared homing missile on the starboard engine; the Canberra successfully returned to base using the other engine. Note the offset pilot's canopy. Outboard of the engine nacelles, the wing has a leading-edge sweep of 4° and trailing-edge sweep of −14°. It is the only modern tactical strike and reconnaissance aircraft in service with the RAF and many other Air Forces. The rebels surrendered shortly afterward. "Bomber Command Goes Propless". [90] Both Rhodesia and South Africa used Canberras in their respective Bush Wars; numerous aircraft were lost in the conflicts. [47], British Government public information film on the Canberra and its contribution to NATO, The Vickers Valiant entered service in 1955,[48] capable of carrying much heavier weapon loads (including the Blue Danube nuclear weapon) over longer ranges than the Canberra. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland considered the Canberra an important objective to holding greater diplomatic sway in the African continent, and ongoing negotiations over the Baghdad treaty, and a step towards decolonisation. The Nene was the last iteration of the Whittle design whereas the Avon was Rolls Royce’s first foray into axial flow design (hence the desire t… EEP71053 Reg. Refurbished and upgraded ex RAF PR.7s for India. [49] The interim B(I)6, converted from the B6 by adding provision for a pack of four Hispano 20 mm cannon in the rear bomb bay and underwing pylons for bombs and rockets, entered service in 1955, with the definitive, new build B(I)8, which added a new forward fuselage with a fighter-style canopy for the pilot, entering service in January 1956. [55] Canberras were used for reconnaissance during the Bosnian War during the 1990s, where they were used to locate mass graves and during the Kosovo War in 1999. One aircraft ordered but not completed. [96] During the Falklands War in 1982, eight of them were deployed to Trelew, 670 miles (1,080 km) from the islands, to avoid congestion on the closer southern airfields. Photo-reconnaissance version with fuselage stretched to 68 ft, wingspan increased by 4 ft and Avon R.A.27 (Avon 206) engines. prototype (VN799). Vanzi, Max. [104] It next was moved to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment where it was modified to be used as a water-spray tanker aircraft for de-icing trials. English Electric Canberra T.4 WJ870 No.231 Operational Conversion Unit, Royal Air Force, Circa 1971 Airfix 1:48 A1010C The Canberra was retired by its first operator, the Royal Air Force (RAF), in June 2006, 57 years after its first flight. Note that refurbished ex RAF aircraft that did not change mark number have been excluded from the lists. 451 'Canberra' aircraft were also built under licence in the USA: 403 in the USA by the Glenn L Martin Company and designated as the B-57 ‘Canberra’ in many versions. The raid was a complete success, the radars in Badin having been badly damaged by the bombing and put out of commission. Intended for the specialist role of target marking with bomb aiming radar. This all changed when Petter arrived from Westland Aircraft and he immediately set up his own Design Team.

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