heating, ventilation and air conditioning pdf

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. It also aiming to promote leadership and development and managerial skill among the critical care team. ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, should provide an attractive text for air-conditioning courses at engineering colleges and technical institutes.The text has been developed to give broad and current coverage of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning field when combined with the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with coronavirus. Through this communication, we wish to reiterate the importance of structural risk factors such as space surrounding the patient, furniture with focus on construction and finishing materials used, and. This concept of progressive filtration, tient care areas can be up to 100 conidia/m, whereas in rooms with HEPA, filtration the counts, fection control in health care facilities show that the fil-, tration system with HEPA filters is adequate for most. 2016;26: McDowall, editor. charge air to the exhaust duct or directly outdoors. Other filters sizes shall be used when it is impossible to use standard size or when the standard size is not available for a given application. Med Mycol. AimThe purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the current standards for preventing HAP in non-ventilated adult patients. Transmission of tuberculosis (TB) is a recognized risk to patients and healthcare workers in healthcare settings. Background: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FrontMatter.qxd 6/15/04 … After the air disinfection procedure, reductions of total microbial counts at 22 • C and molds were achieved in SA2 and IC HVAC systems. Scant literature and little guidance is available for the prevention of HAP among non-ventilated adult patients. The aim of this review is to describe variation in standards and guidelines on 'heating, ventilation and airconditioning (HVAC)' system maintenance in the intensive care units, across the world, which is required to maintain good 'indoor air quality' as an important non-pharmacological strategy in preventing hospital-acquired infections. <<2515E7DBF1D20144A1253B91400EB311>]>> The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons, licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Although there have been decades of research related to Legionella transmission, many knowledge gaps remain. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The energy cost of the latter is lesser when com-. Nevertheless, the contribution of environmental and human sources to the bacterial and fungal communities recovered via each sampling method was generally consistent across the methods investigated. This creates the importance of air, distribution pattern which is suggested only by ASHRAE, in burns ICU. J Clin Microbiol, anitratus: an airborne mode of spread? This ranges from 1 to. It is intended to be a basic and explanatory guide for use by pharmaceutical manufacturers and GMP inspectors. Chillers remove heat from the, then this water is used as a refrigerant to remove heat, This is located at the outdoor condenser unit which sup-, plies air or other gases at increased pressure to the, Supply fans provide energy to drive the air throu, system. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning in Buildings-John W. Mitchell 2012-02-16 Principles of HVAC in Buildings by J. W. Mitchell and J. E. Braun provides foundational knowledge for the behavior and analysis of HVAC systems and related devices. (� It will provide an excellent introduction to the fundamentals of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning. However, in situ detailed experimental studies are still needed to understand the different scenarios of the virus spread. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. Methods 0000018565 00000 n 2005;43(Suppl 1):S59, health-care facilities. A radiant wall represents an external wall exposed to solar radiation. Once bacteria, moulds or allergens enter a building, air, Worldwide professional societies and government bodies recommending HVAC system focusing on ICU, Queensland Health Facility Guideline (QHFG), Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine (ISCCM). The analysis is mainly based on numerical simulation results obtained with the support of a 3-D transient numerical model validated using experimental data. avoid recirculation of airborne pathogens. Heating. 32 Full PDFs related to this paper. Reference to web site: infection control in health-care facilities: recommendations of CDC and the. 2015;05:160, https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9717.1000160, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00284.x, Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in. Only a few of these mention ICU standards, Comparison of various standards for HVAC in ICUs across the world. Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine (ISCCM) guidelines on Planning and Designing Intensive care (ICU) were first developed in 2001 and later updated in 2007. endstream endobj 82 0 obj<> endobj 83 0 obj<> endobj 84 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 85 0 obj<> endobj 86 0 obj<> endobj 87 0 obj<> endobj 88 0 obj[/ICCBased 100 0 R] endobj 89 0 obj<> endobj 90 0 obj<> endobj 91 0 obj<> endobj 92 0 obj<> endobj 93 0 obj<>stream 0000007224 00000 n Download Full PDF Package. There are risk factors related to architecture and designing labeled as “structural risk factors,” causing hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) which are less highlighted in the literature. The spread of Coronavirus is causing in the society all around the world a considerable degree of fear, worry and concern and particularly among healthcare workers that are at increased risk for infection. ResultsThe Surviving Sepsis Campaign COVID-19 panel issued 54 statements, of which 4 are best practice statements, 9 are strong recommendations, and 35 are weak recommendations. Definition of intensive care and intensivist, planning for strength of ICU and requirement of manpower were also described. Aim: To have a consensus document reflecting the philosophy of ISCCM to deliver safe & quality Critical Care in India, taking into consideration the requirement of regulatory agencies (national & international) and need of people at large, including promotion of training, education and skill upgradation. 0000018379 00000 n Australian and US guidelines. 0000004037 00000 n Adv Virol 2011. It contains nonbinding examples, drawings, technical representations- and interpretation in support of Part 1 of the HVAC systems guidelines (2). 2008;69:204. www.health.qld.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0029/150977/qh-gdl-374-10. Download PDF. National Survey of ISCCM members and experts to understand their viewpoints on respective issues. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems in the context of COVID-19 – 16 June 2020 . ommendations suggest filtration through fine filter (F9), which is similar to the UK standards of using fine filtra-, was recommended only by Dubai Health Authority in, recommendations suggest the same level of filtration as, general ICU, whereas the USA recommends filtration, Australian, UK and Dubai Health Authority (DHA), recommend neutral pressure in this area [, Australian and US recommendations suggest positive, pressurization in burns ICUs, whereas positive, pressurization is recommended in neonatal ICU by, Another aspect to consider is the air changes, (ACH), which is the volume of air entering the room per, MERV 15. Incidence of the disease is higher in the summertime, possibly because of increased use of cooling towers for air conditioning systems and differences in water chemistry when outdoor temperatures are higher. Download PDF. Australian rec-, ommendations suggest a higher range of temperature, on this aspect. CDC recommends to isolate patients with, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.04.195, 01: Specialised ventilation for healthcare premises. Fundamentals 1. Urgent guidance for clinicians caring for the sickest of these patients is needed. Reference to website: coronavirus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control-recommendations.html, care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected: interim, coronaviruse/clinical-management-of-novel-cov.pdf?sfvrsn=bc7da517_1. HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS _____ 7-1. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a rapidly spreading illness, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), affecting thousands of people around the world. Poor maintenance, lack of knowledge on (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 2004 December). Vacuum samples captured substantially greater bacterial diversity than the other methods, whereas fungal diversity was similar across all three methods. with the environment, clinician and patient needs. - Design and installation 2010. Level III ICUs further divided into sub category A and B. Medical facilities usually require MERV 14 to 16. Applications of HVAC Systems: HVAC Systems are used for either human comfort or for process control and it is also used to provide some conditions that some process requires. ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, should provide an attractive text for air-conditioning courses at engineering colleges and technical institutes.The text has been developed to give broad and current coverage of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning field when combined with the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. Download Free PDF. Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare, Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). three current floor plans in order to locate the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system in conditioned space. Those, particles. Spitler, Jeffrey D. III. Atlanta, GA 30329, USA: Elsevier Ltd; 2006. pharmacological interventions. It begins with a review of psychrometric charts and then examines the factors that influence design choices, indoor air quality, load calculations, and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. 07.0 Describe the history and concepts of heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration–The student will be able to: 07.01 Explain the basic principles of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning. In fact, some earlier studies reported that the viability of corona-, virus causing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, (SARS CoV) on smooth surfaces which was over 5, practicability for incorporating this information is not, An efficient HVAC system adjusts its various compo-, nents such as heating, cooling, air filtration, air, tion, air flow rate and air exchange rates in accordance. PLoS One. The emphasis of this text is on the application of engineering principles that features tight integration A Literature review dealing with conclusive works about the role of airborne mode is presented. It allows water to be drained and discharged. USA recommends HEPA filtration of incoming air. Their role is very good in arrest, m diameters and delivered to each zone of the, ]. Department of Health Estates and Facilities Division (DHF), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ]. It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. Pneumonia is one of the leading hospital-acquired infections worldwide and has an important impact. (Table, Recommendations and standards from American Institute of, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Centers, for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Depart-, ment of Health Estates and Facilities Division, Health, Technical Memorandum (HTM 2025) and Healthcare, Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, (HICPAC) are being followed in the construction and, maintenance of the majority of healthcare systems, for HVAC system, which are presented and compared, There is a wide variation in the recommended, Australian, UAE and US recommendations mention the, ommendations are silent on this aspect. 2016;63(5):e61. The common technologies are shown below. Various international professional bodies in critical care have their own position papers and guidelines on planning and designing of ICUs; being the professional body of intensivists in India ISCCM therefore addresses the subject in contemporary context relevant to our clinical practice, its variability according to specialty and subspecialty, quality, resource limitation, size and location of the institution. HEPA filters and UV light can clean viruses but at high energy cost. J Hosp Infect. Appl Environ, HVAC systems in health care facilities. Selected publications and textbooks describing HVAC structural aspects were also reviewed, and we described the basic structural details of HVAC system as well as variations in the practised standards of HVAC system in the ICU, worldwide. 0000011070 00000 n Students study the operation, maintenance and … ASHRAE 2006. Download PDF. %%EOF The zone of ICU comes, apart from imparting knowledge of the plant to the ICU, working team, it is critical that the engineer, components easily accessible, especially components like, access doors for drain pans. [, such aerial dissemination of carbapenem-resistant, ment of heavily contaminated bed curtains in the, recovered from air vents in a 22-month surveillance, study suggesting aerial spread of infections [, outbreaks were reported for infections caused by, Lee suggested that diseases like tuberculosis req, by reducing the concentration of airborne bacilli by increas-, ing number of air changes per hour (ACR) and single-pass, avoid re-circulation; and the third level, being the use of per-, There are reports of severe acute respiratory distress, syndrome (SARS) outbreaks in hospital wards from, Hong Kong suggesting aerial dissemination in viral in-, fections like coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which can lead to, epidemics, indicating that there exists a correlation be-, tween building factors related to air circulation and rate, pects of HVAC system like relative humidity and, temperature were found to have a significant correlation, with nosocomial infection rates especially in ICUs and, There are various factors which play a role in the transmis-, distance travelled and the surrounding environment along, handling systems (HVAC) control their spread, aid in their, removal from the system in both droplet-borne (pertussis, in-, pathogen (dilution ventilation) or by removing the pathogen, tained HVAC system can be a continuing source of contam-, ination, an example of which is the growth of moulds and. The connection between the sizes of droplets, the transmission modes (airborne, droplets and contact) and the protective measures is established. Hospitals have four RDW systems related to the surgical areas (SA1 and SA2) and to the intensive and sub-intensive care (IC and sIC) units. In summary, standards for HVAC system with a specific mention on the type of ICU, which should be incorporated, Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) has a, pivotal role in determining infection rates in the inten-, sive care unit (ICU), apart from its primary purpose of, providing comfortable living and safe environment for, tions of HVAC system includes heating (adding heat to, raise or maintain temperature), cooling (removing heat, to lower or maintain temperature), humidifying (adding, water vapour), dehumidifying (removing water vapour), in order to maintain the moisture content of the air, fil-, tering (removing dust particles, biological contaminants, like bacteria, viruses and fungi), ventilating (air change. We identified relevant and recent systematic reviews on most questions relating to supportive care. Download Full PDF Package. They may be integrated, with heating, ventilation and air conditioning provided by a single system, for example, air handling units connected to ductwork, or they may be a combination of separate systems, for example mechanical ventilation with radiators for heating and local comfort cooling units. 0000002314 00000 n A complete ventilation analysis will be included in each HVAC design analysis. 105 0 obj<>stream infections. Department of Anesthesiology, Super Speciality Cancer Institute and, Received: 28 January 2020 Accepted: 17 April 2020, construction: practical implications for safer, cleaner environments. In summary, there is a need of universal standards for HVAC system with a specific mention on the type of ICU, which should be incorporated into existing infection control practice guidelines. UFC 3-410-02N Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Dehumidifying Systems (06-08-2005) UFC 3-410-01FA Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, with Change 4 (05-15-2003) UFC 3-410-01FA Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, with Change 3 (05-15-2003) Efficient ventilation in hospital airborne isolation rooms is important vis-à-vis decreasing the risk of cross infection and reducing energy consumption. Get any books you like … Ventilation will be in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 62. a. Careful thought, must be given to the size and location of the air, Despite well-known effects of HVAC in infection con-, trol, there are significant differences which are, highlighted among these standards. infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance. IM also did the artwork for the figures in the, manuscript. The lockup phenomenon occurs at the inhalation height of the standing manikin. ling of each component like AHU, outdoor air (OA). REHVA's mission is to develop and disseminate economical, energy efficient, safe and healthy technology for mechanical services of building; to serve its members and the field of building engineering (heatiung, ventilation and air conditioning) by facilitating knowledge exchange, supporting the development of related EU policies and their national level implementation. Clin, air conditioning systems. John Pablo Cantoria. 0000003466 00000 n Epidemiological data suggest a large proportion of legionellosis cases go unreported, as most people who are infected do not seek medical attention. IDSA considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances. It contains nonbinding examples, drawings, technical representations- and interpretation in support of Part 1 of the HVAC systems guidelines (2). The ASHRAE and REHVA guidelines applied the UV-C Lamps, The Physics behind the 3 transmission modes of COVID-19 related to the exhalation of an infected is explained, in the light of Indoor Air Quality concepts. 19 Full PDFs related to this paper. The authors read and approved the. as well as other patients in the ICU (requires an ante-room). others, there is no such specific recommendation. Download Free PDF. When this is the case, notify in writing the maintenance The air change efficiency index and contaminant removal effectiveness indices and inhalation by the health care worker of contaminants exhaled by the patient are considered in a typical airborne infection isolation room set up with three air renewal rates (6 h-1 , 9 h-1 and 12 h-1), two exhaust opening positions and two health care worker positions. It is worth mentioning that requirements for HVAC systems differ according to the type of the built environment and the type of the air-conditioned space. 2002;50(2): aerosolization and transmission of Legionella in the built environment. Few studies to date examine the role of HVAC systems in COVID-19 transmission. The surface samples proved to be of good microbiological quality. The Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVAC-R) program at SJVC prepares students to work in the heating and cooling industry. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) play an important role in ensuring the manufacture of qual ity pharmaceut ical products . Few recommend HEPA filters (MERV, Pressurization: Positive pressure inside the ICU, zone is recommended by Australian, UAE and, Temperature: Wide range varying from 16 to, ACH: HTM 2025 (UK) strongly discourages the, use of re-circulation type HVAC, presumably to. 2013;493960, surgical patients, associated with a contaminated air-handling system. HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING HVAC: A simple definition of air conditioning is the simultaneous control of Temperature, humidity, cleanliness and motion of air. 0000007731 00000 n HVAC: Handbook of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning for Design and Implementation. which two exchanges should be with outside air, operating rooms require a minimum of 20 ACH [, whereas recommendations from the UK suggest ACH, should be ten, which could be increased to 15 if the pa-, tients are at high risk of spreading infections or im-, Memorandum (HTM 2025) suggests the use of 100%, fresh air system and discourages the usage of. Indoor Air. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004. experts committee consensus statement on ICU planning and designing, 2020. Commissioning. HPAC Engineering 2007;2(79):22. It contains sufficient material for two-semester courses with latitude in … 0000001388 00000 n Mechanical systems often involve heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. In Order to Read Online or Download Principles Of Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning In Buildings Full eBooks in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl and Mobi you need to create a Free account. Further high-quality studies are required to evaluate the impact of specific measures on HAP prevention in non-ventilated adult patients. Dust recovery methodologies have been shown to affect the recovery, repeatability, structure, and membership of microbial communities recovered from dust samples in the built environment. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning 7 HVAC technologies There are many technology options for individual heating, cooling and ventilation components and they can all vary in application, cost and efficiency. 0000002757 00000 n Oral care was the most studied measure and was commonly associated with a decrease in HAP rate, although a broad range of interventions are proposed. ICU probably to enhance wound healing by Australian, recommendations, whereas the USA recommends 40, 60%. 1 HVACs are subjected to more misuse than any other type of equipment in South Africa’s business sector. Reads or Downloads Principles of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning in Buildings Now 0470624574 This paper. All rights reserved. As the number of air changes per hour (ACH) increases, the chances of cross-infection decrease, provided there, exists an optimized design between the contamin, source and the exhaust being described as, air streams, the pathogen is likely to migrate to other, places of the room. They have efficiency up to 70% down to, m sized particle. This is why we allow the ebook compilations in this website. Additionally, controlled laboratory studies examining water-to-air transfer and source tracking are still needed. heat recovery devices create a resistance (pressure drop), against which the fan has to operate. System Analysis Techniques and the Use of EES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Introduction to EES 2.3 Common … relative humidity, in all these recent guidelines. In addition, the criteria used for the diagnosis of HAP and the populations targeted in the studies selected are heterogeneous. I. Parker, Jerald D. II. Regarding filtration, there is wide variation, with, Australian recommendations suggesting progressive fil-. Principles of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning, 8th Edition pdf. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign COVID-19 panel issued several recommendations to help support healthcare workers caring for critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. MG did proofreading and critically revised the manuscript for, important intellectual content. ASHRAE POCKET GUIDE for Air Conditioning, Heating, Ventilation, Refrigeration (I-P Edition. Personal protective equipment including particulate respirators provides additional benefit when administrative and environmental controls cannot assure protection. Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine Experts Committee Consensus Statement on ICU Planning and Designing, 2020. Heating load 5 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) 2 Latent heat 3 Mechanical refrigeration 6 Relative humidity (RH) 4 Temperature 2 KEY TERMS After studying this chapter, the reader should be able to: 1. Usually, in an AHU, there will be, removing large particulate matter and many microbes, ance, ability to arrest larger particles like dirt, lint, hair, and dust. Background: Download Free PDF. Medical Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156, India. a Basic structure of Air-conditioning plant. Hydrogen peroxide (12%) with silver ions (10 mg/L) was aerosolized in all the air sampling points, located close to the RDW device. Background Dubai Health Authority. Ultraviolet (UV) light emitters or ultraviolet germicidal, Ultraviolet light is used as a germicidal irradiation, These help in the reduction of noise from various mo-, tors (fans, coolers, heaters, humidifiers) and other equ, It can be of full fresh air or single-pass system (displace, ventilation) or the traditional re-circulation type (mixing ven-, advantages like better acoustics and less noise, low pressure, drops, and low energy consumption, requires a lower grade, 100% fresh air system combined with UVGI is almost similar, to the use of re-circulated air coupled with the use of HEPA, play an important role in air distribution system. recommendations are silent on this crucial aspect. Displacement ventilation renews the air of the airborne isolation room and eliminates the exhaled pollutants efficiently, but is at a disadvantage compared to other ventilation strategies when the risk of exposure is taken into account. trailer The literature review suggests that implementation of combination control measures reduces the risk of TB transmission. The role of of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) in spreading SARS-CoV-2 is a complex topic and has not been studied thoroughly. Defined mandatory and desirable standards of all level of ICUs and made recommendations regarding structure and layout of ICUs. One of the major expenditures in the life cycle of a building is the operation of its space conditioning systems — heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) — dwarfing the initial cost of these systems or of even the entire building itself. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, species was proven by Das et al. 0000003189 00000 n Indoor Air. Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series 2005; 5(17). Three main characteristics of filters are the effi-, ciency in removing various sized particles in air, create, resistance to flow and their dust holding capacity, Filters are rated based on their Minimum Efficiency, Reporting Value (MERV) rating. To find early biomarkers in human patients of ARDS using 1H NMR Spectroscopy, There are risk factors related to architecture and designing labeled as “structural risk factors,” causing hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) which are less highlighted in the literature. There should be clear label-. System Analysis Techniques and the Use of EES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Introduction to EES 2.3 Common … General heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) design The DOD owns and operates many C4ISR facilities across the nation and abroad, ranging from small computer rooms to large radar facilities. Air conditioning. Microbiological air and surface analyses were performed in HVAC systems, before and after the disinfection treatment. C4ISR facilities often house computer and communications Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. John Pablo Cantoria. Displacement ventilation, underfloor air distribution, chilled beams, radiant ceiling panels and laminar flow systems have varied effectiveness. Am J Infect Control. No robust evidence is available for other measures. ��|}����BR�;ӌ- �}]{�u����UO���z�f�����ۅ�)��'�� ��H���7�]��sT��G�s�uZXj���Lb�Q�0���~�h��C�[�O:����N��뾬p��w*���l�}S%}�G�r�IZ����ϋk �����p�O8���)_�����㯎*�*�ч��/B��&t]-L��I5��D��+JW�G ;��81帢K7�L�d(c�įv��Է�OvZ�ؒ�k�n�33W%\v�F�Z���#���H<>�@W���Wt�7��T�xT�W„�b�2|&�`������� ��ΔW�I�֣��Z�f���V���U�_�k֡i���U��C"}�ڂ��Z��kQ�p �����x�^���Re�����x\��i*���]��-��2�/3�(�G�oTYw}VU�R~?���e`V��/�Y5��[��_��� {s��d2�y(�t�ę7u�fyߴ�ӕ�{]�q�]d���j�KU2 �9�V���m����@=�tlL>g�?Z�[6UɵЛ���N�����TS�CKƇ�����A�Jj�]���ntG�(NX�6-�YJjչV7J�}F2� V\6ʝ��R�M��L1d��]�TO8.��>&ql4ىLU�z%\��2� 2 {[��M^�e�'�7C�lz

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