synthetic fibers history

3 Billion by 2027. Oh nice to be made to feel like a youngster! In recent years, synthetic materials have been receiving a bit of backlash in the public eye. And, as I ranted in my previous post on why I’m Not a Yarn Snob, synthetic yarn is yarn. Way Back When they even had a seam running up the back. The History of Synthetic Fibers. He was searching for a material that could be used to replace the ivory in billiards balls. They are a high-strength form of Fiber Mesh used in the fabrication of advanced diving suits. I’m working with some of their fibers now. Le Japon peut être considéré comme l'origine du cuir microfibre. The European synthetic fibers market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.7% during the forecast period (2020-2026). Synthetic fabrics tend to be more stain resistant, and some are even designed to resist staining, therefor synthetic clothing can be great for daily, regular wear. However in 1946 there was a patent filed in Germany for what we would call today the first modern acrylic synthesizing process. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers, but not truly synthetic, being made from wood.[7]. Global Synthetic Fibers Market Report, History and Forecast 2014-2026, Breakdown Data by Manufacturers, Key Regions, Types and Application. It was all over the news. But nowadays, synthetic fibres are largely used for clothing and other purposes. I guess I added the “panty” because that is what is been called my whole life. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. We are now at a time when canned shaving lather was king. This meant players were at less risk of injury when playing on artificial grass. By the 1960s, steel, glass ( GFRC ), and synthetic (such as polypropylene) fibers were used in concrete. The mono-fibers do not trap air pockets like cotton and provide poor insulation. Synthetic Fibersare high-strength fibers and a material that can be crafted by using theFabricator. History. I’ve found several mentions of an exhibit he put out in 1885 in London of several pieces his … Synthetic fibers (or synthetic fibres in British English; see spelling differences) are fibers made by humans through chemical synthesis, as opposed to natural fibers that are directly derived from living organisms. These were cheaper than nylon and more comfortable as polypropylene is softer. I like yarn. Swan is the guy who first successfully made a synthetic fiber. Oh yes I do remember the pictures of her baggy hose! 90, Summer 1997. The VeriLite™ Roll Cleaner Assembly is the first integrated roll cleaning assembly designed specifically for improving yield and safety in the production of synthetic fiber-based products. It soon made its debut in the United States as a replacement for silk, just in time for the introduction of rationing during World War II. The first polyester fiber was patented in Britain in 1928 by the International General Electric company. (Image above is the back cover of Coats and Clark Sweater Book No 291, published 1952. The blueprint for Synthetic Fibers is acquired the first time the player picks up Blood Oil. While some natural fibers resist water, synthetic fibers can be designed to be almost completely waterproof so they are great for outdoor and rain gear. And, talk about different types of synthetic fibres and their uses. For thousands of years, mankind has created textiles from natural fibers found. No idea, but it’s super cute! But its an often overlooked topic and that keeps it fresh and new. On October 27, 1938, 11 years of research involving more than 230 DuPont scientists and technicians culminated in … The history of rayon is practically unknown so its interesting! The synthetic fabrics have a smooth and shiny appearance. Next came what we today call acrylic or nylon. synthetic definition: 1. The loading history is shown in Fig. [8] It was also produced by British chemists working at the Calico Printers' Association, John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson,[9][10] in 1941. A History of Innovation – Synthetic Fiber. Learn more. How wonderful! Hooke is best known for Hooke’s law (which is a mathematical formula that explains the elasticity of coiled springs which ya’ll probably learned about in school against your will). Seven days later DuPont filed a US patent for “Orlon”… a modern acrylic. Unlike most of the natural fibers, it holds up to repeated machine washing which can be very handy if you are making things for messy babies or lazy adults (or messy&lazy adults that act like babies). And my gravatar isn’t working for some strange reason…. Synthetic turf carpet was introduced to Europe in the early 1970s, but instead of being made with nylon fibers, it used polypropylene fibers. Natural fabrics have been used for clothing since ancient times. Synthetic fibers are made from small molecules synthesized polymers. history of technology: Synthetic fibres The possibility of creating artificial fibres was another 19th-century discovery that did not become commercially significant until the 20th century, when such fibres were developed alongside the solid plastics to which they are closely related. (Note: each single unit of a polymer is called a monomer). If you … I don’t miss them at all. Nylon fibers are one of the fibers having the longest history among synthetic fibers. 800.730.2675. info@sgwcorp.com. In 1891 he built the first rayon plant in Besancon, France. Unlike the history of every other kind of fiber, which is buried in the hazy mists of the past, we know exactly where and how synthetic fibers came into being. he did recognize its use as a textile. There aren’t any myths or folk tales about nylon. THE DANGERS OF SYNTHETIC FIBERS AND FABRICS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. pictures of his wife with the baggy hose!!!11! Traces of natural fibres have been located to ancient civilizations all over the gobe. The first guy to try and make a synthetic fiber, and write about it (you don’t get credit in nerd circles unless you write it down), was Robert Hooke. The History of Synthetic Fibers. Textiles have such a rich history because of course we humans have been making them and using them since before we had writing. Although synthetic fibers regained some of their popularity in the 1990s as technical innovations improved their feel and performance, never again would synthetic fibers dominate the market as they did in the 1950s and 1960s. These fabrics are engineered by men to have all the qualities they want. Although many classes of fibers based on synthetic polymers have been evaluated as potentially valuable commercial products, four of them - nylon, polyester, acrylic and polyolefin - dominate the market. Birtwhistle and C.G. Since the first synthetic fibers were produced around the turn of the 19 th century, the industry has grown significantly. Nylon, the name given to a group of different synthetic polymers, revolutionised the synthetic fabrics industry. Just a coincidence I’m sure. More electrostatic charge is generated by rubbing than with natural fibers. duPont de Nemours Company in Delaware,and nylon stockings became a big hit as soon as they were released. In the 1660’s he was looking to make “artificial silk” using pulp from mulberry trees. In this chapter of Synthetic Fibres and Plastics, we will get introduced to a unique type of material called Rayon. I probably would have whined myself to death! These were cheaper than nylon and more comfortable as polypropylene is softer. They created five songs which appeared on a Paradox by 'nikcuS. Great post and very interesting. he did recognize its use as a textile. Most of the synthetic fibers absorb very little moisture so become sticky when the body sweats. Want to send me a private message? Very uncomfortable. They named the fiber "viscose", because the reaction product of carbon disulfide and cellulose in basic conditions gave a highly viscous solution of xanthate. They are the result of extensive research by scientists to improve upon naturally occurring animal and plant fibers. When I was first allowed to wear “stockings” we used those metal hooky things called garter belts. True, he was making it to use in his new fangled electrical gadgets but (but!) In addition, many synthetic fibers offer consumer-friendly functions such as stretching, waterproofing and stain resistance. Really pure, very dense acrylic is called carbon fiber and its super strong. Back in the Dark Ages we just had hose. What a coincidence. Nylon, the first synthetic fiber in the "fully synthetic" sense of that term,[citation needed] was developed by Wallace Carothers, an American researcher at the chemical firm DuPont in the 1930s. 1 entry found Sort by recently added. Realizing the value of such a discovery, Chardonnet began to develop his new product,[4] which he displayed at the Paris Exhibition of 1889. Fibres that are purely synthetic like nylons, polyesters, acrylics are made from chemicals whereas semisynthetic fibres such as rayons are produced with the utilization of natural polymers as raw material. Nylon--which was patented in September 1938--is the first completely synthetic fiber to ever be used in consumer products. In the 1950s, a golden age of new synthetic fibers, acrylic fibers became well known under trade names such as Orlon, Acrilan, Zefran, Creslan, and Courtelle: modacrylics included Dynel, Teklan, and Verel. 2013-2018 In March 2013, we established the Shenyuan New Materials Co. LTD, further on the area of caprolactam. Yep, acrylic, or nylon as it was mostly known prior to WWII, was cutting edge technology and companies/governments were investing in developing a cheap synthetic textile. I’m thinking that maybe, just maybe, my readership includes. Disadvantages of Synthetics • Synthetic fibers melt before burning • Some electrical charge accumulates on the synthetic fibers. Synthetic fibers burn more rapidly than natural. Mostly DuPont made nylon pantyhose with it which women LOVED and could not get enough of. Properties of Synthetic fibers and Synthetic fabrics. The history of fibres is as old as human civilization. Most of synthetic fibers' disadvantages are related to their low melting temperature: [14]. His fiber was drawn from a cellulose liquid, formed by chemically modifying the fiber contained in tree bark. In June 2010, Highsun Synthetic Fiber Technologies Co., Ltd had been found, we established the world's leading synthetic fiber ecological base and raw material supply area. wait a minute, when did remembering, or having worn garter belts and stockings, make us old? Where synthetic materials used to be viewed as innovative and fashionable, anything that’s not natural or organic can get a bad rep these days. Find trusted History Synthetic Fiber importers and buyers that meet your business needs on Exporthub.com Qualify, evaluate, shortlist and contact History Synthetic Fiber buyers on our free importer directory and product sourcing platform. The first fully synthetic fiber was glass. 1 entry found Sort by recently added. Linda, this whole post set me to thinking back on the old days of hose. The thought of chemist wearing pantyhose LOL but they certainly did us a great favor. Or 4 total. But I have no idea what that entails. Do you perhaps recall when Khrushchev brought his wife to America with him? Plastics. Pure acrylic is a whole bunch of one kind of molecule, made up of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, fused together into long filaments. And while the word "nylons" became another word for hosiery, all nylon was diverted to military needs only when the United States entered World War II. The name "rayon" was adopted in 1924, with "viscose" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and cellophane. By the 1950’s DuPont was manufacturing acrylic yarn like crazy. Environmental Risks Of Synthetic Fibers. Synthetic fibers are compatible with all admixtures, silica fumes, and cement chemistries. Differing chemical compounds are used to produce different types of synthetic fibers. Synthetic fibers have has a surprisingly lengthy and involved history – the first attempts at such a material goes as far back as the early 1800’s, the original goal being to devise ways to mimic natural fibers, and streamline the process of textile production. Do you remember the uproar over the shocking! This page was last edited on 21 January 2021, at 16:36. Natural fibers are susceptible to larval insect infestation; synthetic fibers are not a good food source for fabric-damaging insects. Synthetic fibers are added to concrete before or during the mixing operation. Summary Of The Development History Of Microfiber Synthetic Leather The concept of MiCro fiber originated from Japan, et le raffinement de la fibre est parti de l'imitation de la soie. Some are even specially enhanced to withstand damage from water or stains. Resources & Benefits. It was first introduced to the world at the 1939 New York World Fair, and was initially used in the fashion industry for women's stockings, which became known as 'nylons'. The introduction of new synthetic textiles after World War II changed people’s wardrobes and their lifestyles. In nylon fibers, there are many types depending on the raw materials. He is more famous for inventing incandescent light bulbs and having the credit for this stolen by Thomas Edison but who cares about light bulbs. Compared to natural fibers, many synthetic fibers are more water-resistant and stain-resistant. All Products; Landscape Turf. I have been accused of being on the nerdy side and I love history of all subjects especially those concerning items I seem to be addicted to like yarn (and kitties of course). Originally, Synthetic Fibers was seen as merely an extension of 'nikcuS, and 'nikcuS Productions didn't feel it was unusal to have two bands on one album. The pile was traditionally made from wool, but since the 20th century, synthetic fibers such as polypropylene, nylon or polyester are often used, as these fibers are less expensive than wool. Natural fibers tend to be much more sensitive than synthetic blends. Fiber or fibre (from Latin: fibra) is a natural or man-made substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Erik Liljeroth/Nordiska Museet. Types of Synthetic Fibers Synthetic fibers help the concrete develop its optimum long-term integrity by the reduction of plastic settlement and shrinkage crack formation, lowered permeability, and increased resistance to abrading, shattering, and impact forces. In 1965 synthetic fibers made up 63% of the world’s production of textiles; by the early 1970s that number had dropped to 45%. [5] Chardonnet's material was extremely flammable, and was subsequently replaced with other, more stable materials. [citation needed]. In 1865, a French chemist Paul Schützenberger discovered cellulose acetate (acetate rayon) by … Photographs. But the war was in full swing by then and no one had time or money to go into production. Handheld Bakelite No. I’ve found several mentions of an exhibit he put out in 1885 in London of several pieces his wife crocheted with this new fiber. This first generation of synthetic turf has closely packed tufts and was quite abrasive. 7. Nylon remains an important material today, used in a multitude of products. Today, by mixing different components, manufacturers can take the basic fibers listed below and make them more waterproof or more absorbent, warmer or cooler, thicker or thinner, stiffer or more supple. The first synthetic polymer was created by John Wesley Hyatt in 1869 (The History and Future of Plastics). Its novel use as a material for women's stockings overshadowed more practical uses, such as a replacement for the silk in parachutes and other military uses like ropes. The fibers most manufactured in Japan is “Nylon 6” fibers. Point of clarification; There were 2 dangley thingies per leg. The history of man-made fibers is less than a century old; until 1910, there were no synthetic or chemical fibers. DeBakey knitted arterial graft of Dacron. Very startling when they let go. The compounds that are used to make these fibers come from raw materials such as petroleum-based chemicals or petrochemicals. They have been passed from materials engineer to materials engineer while closely guarded by lawyers, non-disclosure agreements, and government patents. By that century the silk trade had migrated from the Far East to the Near East but Europeans were still paying through the nose for low quality silks and Hooke thought that if silkworms could turn mulberry trees into silk, then so could he. What are Synthetic Fibres and give some Examples Most clothing materials or fabrics we use in our day-to-day lives are made from thin, thread-like fibres. some time in the 60’s. Traces of natural fibres have been located to ancient civilizations all over the gobe. Very very important to get that seam straight. I confess to being old enough to remember the dawn of the pantyhose. It was the start of the acrylic yarn craze in America). Wallace Hume Carothers generally receives recognition for the invention, but another DuPont employee may have been the actual inventor. [13], Synthetic fibers are more durable than most natural fibers and will readily pick-up different dyes. Acrylic is a short, pronounceable name for polyacrylonitrile (which no one can say). There were other companies too all of them making acrylic fiber and making money in the wash-n-wear craze sweeping the textile industry. Today, manufactured fibers account for nearly half of all fabric production. It seems to me there was quite a bit of trans-Atlantic industrial espionage going on back then because every time German scientists made a breakthrough in synthesizing acrylic, so did DuPont! Initial attempts at using synthetic fibers (nylon, polypro-pylene) were not as successful as those using glass or steel fibers [1.6, 1.7]. The synthetic fiber produced through this process was chemically similar in its potential applications to the carbon filament Swan had developed for his incandescent light bulb, but Swan soon realized the potential of the fiber to revolutionize textile manu… IDK… I have read that sometimes gravatars need to be ‘refreshed”. History : Evolution from Rayon Fibers Company to Synthetic Fibers Manufacturer (1918 ~ 1960s). This meant players were at less risk of injury when playing on artificial grass. Non-biodegradable in comparison to natural fibers. It was a French guy, Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, who figured out that there was serious money to be made in textiles from this artificial silk. All fabrics can be characterized as either natural or synthetic fibers (or a blend of the two). This is the sixth in a series of articles on synthetic fibers and how they relate to shaving brushes, including a brief history of synthetic fibers, their development, stagnation, and resurrection in the market place. How did one little fiber change the fashion world forever? Acrylic (Monomer- Polyacrylonitrile) Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer (polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units 8. The history of synthetic oil. It is reported that the clothing industry is accountable for over 20% of industrial water pollution in the world. Now… I’m thinking that was a mistake. They produced and patented one of the first polyester fibers which they named Terylene, also known as Dacron, equal to or surpassing nylon in toughness and resilience. That doesn’t happen much these days. Synthetic Fibers was formed in 1991 when Noby Nobriga and Rusty Spell were allowed to use John Switzer's keyboard. Our History 1984-1999 In 1984, we established the Longhe knitting factory and started our business. It reminds me that I once wrote up a “the making of synthetic fibers” blog post and then shelved it because I decided only uber-nerds (like me) are interested in how deadly chemicals get turned into yarn. Table of Content. [12], Synthetic fibers are made from synthesized polymers of small molecules. The synthetic fiber produced through this process was chemically similar in its potential applications to the carbon filament Swan had developed for his incandescent light bulb, but Swan soon realized the potential of the fiber to revolutionize textile manufacturing. Synthetic fibers are formed by extruding a fiber-forming substance, called spinning dope, through a hole or holes in a shower head-like device called a spinneret, shown in Figure 15.3; this process is called spinning.The spinning dope is created by rendering solid monomeric material into a liquid or semiliquid form with a solvent or heat. Cartridge razors had also effectively reduced non cartridge razors to a very small segment of the shaving market. His fiber was drawn from a cellulose liquid, formed by chemically modifying the fiber contained in tree bark. About Us shows its Corporate Data, Corporate Philosophy, Board of Directors, Location. The invention of nylon at E.I. But as I found from the response to my recent I Am Not A Yarn Snob post, they do have a vocal fan base! Ritchie also created the first polyester fiber called Terylene in 1941 (first manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries or ICI). Synthetic fibers have very little romance about them. We'll get to that. It was a good idea. Perhaps that is part of what makes them seem less special; they have no magical history. The word polymer comes from a Greek prefix "poly" which means "many" and suffix "mer" which means "single units". The history of fibres is as old as human civilization. 29 Comments on "Fake It To Make It : A history of synthetic fibers". With the unending discussion about renewable energy and fossil fuel, and the harm it is causing to our environment, the unhealthy carbon emission, depleting the ozone layer and ultimately bringing about the impending catastrophic global warming environmental scientists warn us about, it is important we decide if we all … The original source of this article and much of the synthetic fiber articles (copied with permission) is Whole Earth magazine, No. Synthetic […] These materials are polymerized into a chemical that bonds two adjacent carbon atoms. Both types have pros and cons; natural fibers come from plants and animals, while synthetic fibers are made from chemical compounds, and each is valued in the textile industry for different reasons. The world production of synthetic fibers was 55.2 million tonnes in 2014. 7 Microphone. This is mainly because natural products are biodegradable. Synthetic fibers specifically engineered for concrete are manufactured from man-made materials that can withstand the long-term alkaline environment of concrete. In the late 1870s, Chardonnet was working with Louis Pasteur on a remedy to the epidemic that was destroying French silkworms. Waterproof and water resistant. You can use it to reinforce concrete and build airplanes. After a public supply cut-off during World War II, nylon stockings soared back in popularity more than ever. But there they are. Report ID: 215455 3300 Chemical & Material Dataintelo 130 Pages. Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres. Also Read: Fibre to fabric. About Us shows its Corporate Data, Corporate Philosophy, Board of Directors, Location. In 1989, the Tianlong textile Co. LTD had been found. 0 Shopping Cart. Get Information. When you think about it, they were very poorly designed. They are generally based on polymers and are stronger than natural and regenerated fibers. [1] Joseph Swan invented one of the first artificial fibers in the early 1880s; [2] today it would be called semisynthetic in precise usage. [11] ICI and DuPont went on to produce their own versions of the fiber. He never quite pulled it off but it was still a good idea. By the 1920’s there was a flourishing rayon industry in the United States. Swan is the guy who first successfully made a synthetic fiber. The development of acrylic yarn was a small part of the huge technology race between the United States and Nazi Germany. The significant growth in the … The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.. By Aaron Hickman October 4, 2016 For centuries, mankind has been captivated by the idea of creating fiber for specific purposes. E-books related to Synthetic fibers Defining, measuring and calculating the change-in-length properties of synthetic fiber rope Low-friction, low-abrasion fairlead liners His plastic was called celluloid and was made by treating cellulose, found in cotton fiber, with camphor (The History and Future of Plastics). But, how did we get here? In 1880 a guy named Sir Joseph W. Swan figured it out. How wonderful. Synthetic turf carpet was introduced to Europe in the early 1970s, but instead of being made with nylon fibers, it used polypropylene fibers. Synthetic fibers are created by a process known as polymerization, which involves combining monomers to make a long chain or polymer. Living on the awesome shelf for the moment until baby is born. His plastic was called celluloid and was made by treating cellulose, found in cotton fiber, with camphor (The History and Future of Plastics). First generation synthetic turf. For many thousand years, the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibres such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres for different applications. Most of the fabrics made of synthetic fibers have many things in common. I also finished something last week, but I kept forgetting to post it http://www.ravelry.com/projects/ceresandraste/tarragon-the-gentle-dragon Baby’s first hand knitted stuffy! In fact, French chemist Charles Friedel and his American collaborator, James Mason Crafts, first produced synthetic hydrocarbon oils in 1877, marking the first notable achievement on the timeline of synthetic oil history. Amid the COVID-19 crisis, the global market for Synthetic Fibers estimated at US$105. Find Trusted History Synthetic Fiber Supplier And Manufacturers That Meet Your Business Needs On Exporthub.com Qualify, Evaluate, Shortlist And Contact History Synthetic Fiber Companies On Our Free Supplier Directory And Product Sourcing Platform. American Cyanamid had Creslan. Whinfield and Dickson along with inventors W.K. A similar product known as cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865. Format Physical Object Remove constraint Format: Physical Object Medium (Staff-only) Synthetic fiber Remove constraint Medium (Staff-only): Synthetic fiber. The next step was taken by Hilaire de Chardonnet, a French engineer and industrialist, who invented the first artificial silk, which he called "Chardonnet silk". Aerial view of Sauquoit Fibers Company facility. Synthetic fiber or synthetic fibre (in British English; see spelling differences) are fibers made by humans through chemical synthesis, as opposed to natural fibers that are directly derived from living organisms. Here is the place to do that. His fiber was drawn from a cellulose liquid, formed by chemically modifying the fiber contained in tree bark. The whole thing was held up by a kind of chastity belt with two dangely bits of elastic with uncomfortable metal hooky/ tab like things that either held your hose in pace or, Have Some Free Dishcloth Patterns and Learn Some New Sticthes →, http://www.ravelry.com/projects/ceresandraste/tarragon-the-gentle-dragon, two uber-nerds who would be interested to know that acrylic yarn is actually a semi-crystalline resin made up of C. plenty of non-uber-nerds who just enjoy having cheap available yarn made from deadly chemicals and wouldn’t mind knowing a bit about how all that came to be. [1] Joseph Swan invented one of the first artificial fibers in the early 1880s;[2] today it would be called semisynthetic in precise usage. Synthetic Fibers was formed in 1991 when Noby Nobriga and Rusty Spell were allowed to use John Switzer's keyboard. They created five songs which appeared on a Paradox by 'nikcuS. Search Results. Synthetic products are made from artificial substances, often copying a natural product: 2…. Other synthetic materials used in fibers include: Modern fibers that are made from older artificial materials include: Artificially manufactured fibers, often based on polymers, Frank Greenaway, ‘Whinfield, John Rex (1901–1966)’, rev. And they had competitors in the market. They are used for a variety of uses from clothing to home furnishings and industrial uses. But Mrs. Swan had the distinction of being the first crafter to use synthetic yarn. After spinning, the resulting fibers are oriented by stretching or drawing out, which increases the polymeric chain orientation and degree of crystallinity, and improves the fibers ’ modulus and tensile strength . Synthetic Fibersare high-strength fibers and a material that can be crafted by using theFabricator. In 1885, he unveiled fabrics he had manufactured from his synthetic material at the International Inventions Exhibition in London.[3]. newest date oldest date recently added. Research into new fiber-reinforced concretes continues today. The substances used to produce such fibres are extracted from raw materials such as chemicals based on petroleum or petrochemicals. Synthetic fibres can either be completely synthetic or semisynthetic. Please keep the history coming. Today synthetic fibers are wreaking havoc on the environment and scientists are even finding synthetic fibers in food we eat! Synthetic fibers are man – made from chemicals. These are called synthetic or artificial fibers. History : Evolution from Rayon Fibers Company to Synthetic Fibers Manufacturer (1918 ~ 1960s). newest date oldest date recently added. Free Sample. Unlike the history of the light bulb which we all have to suffer through in grade school and is so boring it makes me want to scream. In 1942 a Dr. Herbert Rein (of IG Farben) came up with an even better solvent for making those pesky acrylic molecules stick together. I do to! The use of synthetic fibers at typical addition rates does not require any mix design changes. Decades before the Battle of Stalingrad, scientists had been searching for an alternative to petroleum oil.

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