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English This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. Test your knowledge with quizzes at the end of each chapter. Click and hold the Paintbrush tool in the Tools panel and select the Pencil tool in the menu that appears. Click and drag with the Pen tool to create a curved path. Add Anchor Point tool + (plus) + (plus) Delete Anchor Point tool - (minus) - (minus) Switch to Anchor Point tool. A line in Illustrator is called a path which is composed of at least two anchor points, a start and an end anchor point. How to draw anything using the Curvature Tool in Adobe Illustrator 9. This book leads the beginner through Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop, InDesign, and Xd. To create a straight path, double-click to set a Corner Point, or position the pointer over the point on already drawn a point that has a curve and double-click to convert it to a corner point. The Curvature tool is a more intuitive drawing tool that gives you the ability to create paths with a good deal of precision without switching tools. With Curvature tool selected, adjust anchor points on a path by clicking and dragging to reposition them. Click-Drag again to … Sharing is who I am, and teaching is where I am at my best. I've also won multiple Adobe teaching awards at their annual MAX conference. Course Title. One of the hallmarks of this text is the positive feedback from students -- even students who are not mathematically inclined praise the text for its clarity, detailed presentation, and use of humor to help make concepts accessible and ... If you adjust the path, the text will follow the adjustment. www.designmicah.com/typebuilder/extend-and-trim-illustrator-paths-with-ease The Pen Tool (P) or Curvature Tool (Shift + ~) are usually the most handy ones to quickly create custom curves. The best way to learn pen tool is to trace out the letter ‘S’ of English language as it has a curve of almost all possible slopes. WonderHowTo. First, draw straight anchor points and go on. These are then edited through the use of paths and nodes.Each Node is placed with a click and adjusted for a sharp or curved point. The Curvature tool was introduced in the October release of Adobe Illustrator CC 2014. and double-clicking on some of the points to turn them into curved shapes. How-to use Illustrator curvature tool - straight line to curves. You can adjust where the text starts and ends on a path by dragging the white diamonds on either end. If you're like me, and you're good at the Pen Tool try the Curvature Tool at least for this class. always try to align the curves with the sketch. This course, Illustrator CC Curvature Tool, will show you how to use Illustrator CC 2014’s Curvature tool (and others) to create beautiful curves in your artwork easier than ever before. You will be taught techniques that you have never imagined. Drag the direction line closer to the anchor point to flatten the curve; drag farther away from the anchor point to increase the curve. You can start from the simple edge of the image to keep things simple. Making the Pen Tool that little bit easier to learn. Drag the direction line closer to the anchor point to flatten the curve; drag farther away from the anchor point to increase the curve. Move the pointer away from the point you created above and click again to set the next point. How to draw with the Pen, Curvature, or Pencil tool in Illustrator Keeping the Shift or Option/ Alt key pressed, place the cursor at the endpoint of the line. Written by designers for designers, this book is filled with useful information and expert instruction that spans eight minibooks to help you get started with Adobe Creative Cloud, InDesign CC, Illustrator CC, Photoshop CC, Acrobat XI, ... hold down the space bar to activate the hand tool, to move the artboard. The Curvature Tool. This courage chortle. Join Deke McClelland for an in-depth discussion in this video, Editing a shape with the Curvature tool, part of Illustrator CC 2019 One-on-One: Fundamentals. By clicking and dragging these anchor points, you can maneuver their “handles”, which give your paths curvature and shape. When you’re happy with the curve, release the mouse button. The Pen tool in Illustrator can create curves--but they often don't look smooth or polished. Click and drag with the Pen tool to create a curved path. Drag the direction line closer to the anchor point to flatten the curve; drag farther away from the anchor point to increase the curve. When you’re happy with the curve, release the mouse button. Adding curve to the curve. Color Panel, Color Swatches, Gradients, Patterns, Color Theme Panel and Recolor your Artwork. To draw an open path, hold down the Command (Ctrl) key and click anywhere on the Artboard to deselect the object. Adding curve to the curve. In Exercise 4, the path has already been created. Then use the curvature pen tool on the path Photoshop tool laid out. Adobe Illustrator 37 Hours. The final chapters look into the three-dimensional human-machine communication and a class of local interpolating splines. This book will prove useful to design engineers. Illustrator Course Singapore. Key Features and Tools of Adobe Illustrator Basics of Interface: ... end and drag, stroke weight, Stroke for line options, select center point to move line ... • Curvature tool: click to set anchor points in a path, double-click to make straight, Selection tool click a path, click Curvature tool to … Found inside – Page 565In this exercise, you will create hinged curves, lines that curve in the same direction; in this case, they will all curve up like a scallop. You will now complete Exercise 4. 1 Position your cursor over label 1 at the beginning of the ... Found inside – Page iOffers a full chapter covering new imaging techniques for the retina and optic nerve. Features abundantly illustrated guidance in a clear format for a quick visual reference. Click on the curvature tool and start outlining your face shape by creating anchor points all the way around. M. M. Ellipse tool. How to use all the basic tools of Illustrator including shapes, pencil tool, curvature tool, pen tool, texts, masking, effects, etc. Found inside – Page 16310 Select the Pen tool in the Tools panel, and add points to the path on the right and left sides of the drip shape. ... Alt-clicking [Windows]) with the Curvature tool. b Note: If you don't drag directly from the end of the direction ... All of the drawing tools create paths. Adobe Illustrator is the perfect branding tool as it challenges your design thinking and strengthens your ability to conceptualise bigger and better ideas for your website, brochures and other branding platforms. To get exact anchor points zoom in the photo by pressing Crl+Space. Illustrator | Digital Artist | Designer. Click on the object. Check out this video on both drawing and editing with the pen tool. Back to the Curvature Tool, click once, click once. B Select the ‘Line Segment Tool (/)’ by clicking and holding the ‘Rectangle Tool’ in the tools panel. drag to make a curve. You will also learn how to create your own custom brushes. 2.6 How to Use the Curvature Tool in Illustrator. Wacom just improved their tablet drivers so I upgraded. That did not improve my ability to close a path made with the Curvature Tool. I’ve bee... How-to use Illustrator curvature tool - straight line to curves. Paintbrush tool. Pen tool. If you have closed shapes, the pen won't join to closed paths. If you click and hold or right-click on the type tool, you can find specifically Type on a Path tools, but you don’t necessarily need to select those. In the curved area, you can use the curvature pen tool. Helpful tips: If you are able to search the book, search for "Where are the lesson files?" Go to the very last page of the book and scroll backwards. Form compelling and colourful visuals from scratch like how professional designers do! Shift + C. Shift + C. Type tool. Create your rectangle, round the corners first, finalize your stroke, and then use Effect -> Warp -> Arc. With Curvature tool selected, asterisk appears next to the tool icon when pointer is moved into Artboard. Now, add an image from your computer. You can also end a series of line segments by closing the path. This tool is used to draw custom saves that are go round bent in nature. Here’s a quick list of the common features associated with the Pen Tool: Path: a single line which can be made up of several points Basic path = with two end points is an open path The Pencil tool, found by pressing the Paintbrush tool in the Toolbar, is for creating more free-form paths—similar to drawing on paper with a pencil. The must-have book on the leading suite of software for graphic and web designers Fully revised and updated this hands-on resource offers a one-stop learning opportunity through eight minibooks dedicated to each product inside Adobe's ... What you learned: Understand the different drawing tools in Adobe Illustrator. If you've drawn a path, click on it using curvature tool. The text will follow a position change, rotation, etc. Shift + B. This wikiHow teaches you how to start using the basic functions of Adobe Illustrator. Illustrator allows the user to create completely custom logos and graphics. Here are two ways to end a line segment path: Select another tool, or Command-click (Mac) or Ctrl-click (Windows) anywhere on your drawing. Pencil tool. Found inside – Page 569Place your cursor over label 2, located at the end ofthe first curve. Click and drag straight down to create the second anchor point. Continue to drag the mouse until you form the curve in the template. Press and hold the Alt (Windows) ... Hold Control, then Spacebar. Don’t want a curve? Paths and Anchor points | Adobe Illustrator. Found insideThe book is filled with valuable tips and warnings about the use of Inkscape and SVG. Find dozens of Inkscape illustrations from the book in the online color supplement available at http://tavmjong.free.fr/INKSCAPE/. In this tutorial you will learn how to use the Bezier Curve Tool. Curvature Tool and Pen tool essentially does the same thingâcreating paths with as much precision as you need. Found inside – Page 121In this exercise, you will create hinged curves, lines that curve in the same direction; in this case, they will all curve up like a scallop. You will now complete Exercise 4. 1 Position your cursor over label 1 at the beginning of the ... Draw straight lines using the ‘Line Segment Tool (/)’. TIA, Tony. The Pen Tool (P) or Curvature Tool (Shift + ~) are usually the most handy ones to quickly create custom curves. Found insideWith the Curvature tool, users can separate the Rubberbanding preference, join active and nonactive drawing paths and start drawing from either end of the artwork. The Shapebuilder tool, once with straight line movements, ... select the curvature tool. Zoom in if necessary to confirm that these end points are not connected. When the path-continuation cursor ( ) is displayed, click the mouse button Hope this helps. To do this, move the Pen cursor over the original anchor point and click. The Curvature Tool. It allows you to create and edit anchor points and paths. Draw Vector Heart Artwork: Adobe Illustrator Tutorial. New to the latest versions of Illustrator is the Curvature Tool (keyboard shortcut of Shift + `) which makes drawing curved and straight paths more intuitive than with the traditional Pen Tool. illustrator curvature tool missing provides a comprehensive and comprehensive pathway for students to see progress after the end of each module. Below figure shows the Curvature Tool in Tools Panel. The Pen tool in Illustrator can create curves--but they often don't look smooth or polished. The Pen tool in Illustrator can create curves–but they often don’t look smooth or polished. To add an anchor point on existing path, click on the path with the Curvature tool to add the anchor point at that position. This draws smooth curve points with control vectors on either side of the point, the handles are of equal length and direction. What we're going to be taking a look at this week is the Curvature Pen tool, which exists in both Photoshop and Illustrator and makes path drawing a lot easier and more accessible. Photoshop CC is truly amazing, but it can also be overwhelming if you’re just getting started. This book makes learning Photoshop as easy as possible by explaining things in a friendly, conversational style—without technical jargon. So in the next videos, we will talk about to the typography tools inside inside Illustrator 5. Curvature tool simplify drawing paths with precision. How to Use the Pen Tool in Adobe Illustrator, How to Use the Shaper Tool in Adobe Illustrator, How to Work With Dynamic Symbols in Adobe Illustrator, How to Organize Artwork With Layers and Artboards in Adobe Illustrator, How to Use the Touch Type Tool in Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign. Option-drag (Mac OS) or Alt-drag ... Curvature tool. All buyers of the book get full access to the Web Edition: A Web-based version of the complete ebook enhanced with video and multiple-choice quizzes. Sorry, you probably can't get to that one, please try this: https://www.dropbox.com/s/mr1xu404q16e6cb/example.mov?dl=0 $139 per year. Reposition the Pen tool where you want the curved segment to end, drag to complete the curve, and release the mouse button. Then click and. The Bezier Curve Tool in Inkscape is used to create regular lines and curves. If you've always had trouble using the Pen Tool or editing bezier paths, then this may be the tool for you! The Line Segment Tool. Drawing a line with the Line Segment tool is a good way to become familiar with generating paths in Illustrator. Select the Line Segment tool and do either one of the following: Position the pointer where you want the line to begin, and click and drag to where you want the line to end. To use the Illustrator width tool, select the button in the toolbar or hold Shift+W. Decrease the size of Blob Brush to draw smaller details. Now to lock your photo, go to the object and click selection from the lock tab. Select or create an object. Daniel Walter Scott. Again, thanks for helping. At this point, I have updated/upgraded everything I can think of, I have reset the Wacom tablet preferences and have... To begin, Click on Inkscape to open and select New Document. Now using the pen tool and stroke color, start keeping points as shown in the video. Oct 31, 2016 - The Curvature Tool in Adobe Illustrator gives you a new way of drawing smooth curves and straight lines to get just the results you want quickly. Then hold down the Spacebar and drag the mouse so the anchor is in the position you want it. Providing an introduction to the ideas of computer programming within the context of the visual arts, this thorough book targets an audience of computer-savvy individuals who are interested in creating interactive and visual work through ... Asterisk indicates that you’re about to draw a new path. I'm using a 0.5 3pt round brushstroke and no fill yet Illustrator often fills in areas where there is a loop or corner, as in the example image. Many ways to join two lines/paths drawn by curvature tool. In this Coffee Break Course, you will learn how easy and useful the Curvature Tool is. Fidelity is … and here. When you’re happy with the curve, release the mouse button. Teaching is my meaningful way to be a part of the creative community. Found insideTo join open ends in a specific order, use the Direct Selection tool to select the two end points you want to join, then choose Join. To close the shape, ... Curvature Tool The Curvature tool is an improved, simplified Pen. Please look at this short video. I’m finding the response is inconsistent, as the video shows. At this point, I would like to know if it’s... This tool is used to make arches but most designers prefer to use the Curvature tool instead. Be sure to let go of the Spacebar while dragging so you again don't type more spaces. This authoritative guide to Photoshop CS4 shows you how to retouch, color correct, manipulate, and combine images Sheds light on optimal ways to create cutting-edge special effects for digital or film-based images, and then use them on the ... I'm a digital designer & certified Adobe instructor. The Curvature Tool is newish to Illustrator, and man, when you're learning, and you're new, there's very little time, we actually need to go through the really hard core tool. First, you'll learn the basics. So, Curvature Tool, we love you. Found insideMaterial properties -- Sheet deformation processes -- Deformation of sheet in plane stress -- Simplified stamping analysis -- Load instability and tearing -- Bending of sheet -- Simplified analysis of circular shells -- Cylindrical deep ... Found insideAll buyers of the book get full access to the Web Edition: a Web-based version of the complete ebook enhanced with video and multiple-choice quizzes. The Shape Builder tool is a powerful function within Illustrator that allows you to subtract and add to simple shapes to create more complex shapes. Your object will be filled with a gradient, most likely the default simple grayscale swatch, and a few gadgets will appear. Double-click the Pencil tool to set tool options. 4 Choose the Selection tool in the Tools panel, and use it to move the individual line segments apart to the positions of the blue lines in the template.. 5 Select the Direct Selection tool and draw a selection marquee around the two end points located at label 4. The easiest way in Photoshop would be to use a legacy custom arrow shape or the line tool set for adding an arrow head. Lasso tool. Hi there, Thanks for reaching out. This is unusual after that small circle appears if we click on the starting point which means we are closing t... Adobe created this outstanding suite of programs to work together, and we created this book to help you make the most of them all. (This will show the Zoom tool.) Click and drag with the Pen tool to create a curved path. Curvature tool. now, click and drag to make the curves. Written by pro designers for those getting started with this powerful set of tools, this book gives you an overview of Creative Cloud and step-by-step coverage of the major applications—InDesign, Illustrator, Photoshop, Acrobat Pro, and ... Is this a known problem or anyone have any ideas about fixing it - having to kill & restart every ten minutes! Hints & tips. Draw beginner to advanced shapes and icons. The October release of Adobe Illustrator CC 2014 app complements the application with two new tools - Curvature Tool and Join Tool, which work with paths. Blob Brush tool. Double–click tools to bring up options. How to use basic shapes and tools to make complete illustrations ; Creating patterns, wrapping texts, making a paper cut effect; Creating custom typography Select the new Curvature Tool in Illustrator CC. It will start again from the end you had ended it. Notice how the Curvature Tool is able to quickly change a 45 or 90 degree angle into a smooth, curved shape. How to draw using the Pen Tool in Adobe Illustrator CC 10. While the Pen tool is more of a precision tool that requires you to think about where to place an anchor point and how to pull out direction lines to control line segments, the Curvature tool takes a more intuitive approach to drawing by asking the user to click along the path you want to create, while drawing along that path. Recipes in this book teach you about some of the most useful time-saving features in Inkscape accompanied by a list of keyboard shortcuts that you can easily memorize. Overview of the Pen Tool in Illustrator. I'm using a Surface Pro 2018 with 16Gb memory and nothing much else running at the time. Position the Pencil tool on the path to redraw part of it. From modeling, texturing, animation, and architectural visualization to high-level techniques for film, television, games, and more, this book provides professional-level instruction on 3ds Max. A project-based tutorial designed to help readers master the techniques of Adobe Illustrator CS3 combines practical, self-paced lessons and real-world project files that introduce the applications of such features as LiveTrace, LivePaint, ... Select Type Tool (T) on the Toolbar. Navigate in Adobe Illustrator CC like a pro. Found inside – Page 284) Position the Pen tool where you want the curve segment to end, and do one of the following: To create a C‐shaped curve, drag in a direction opposite to the previous direction line. Then release the mouse button. You will also learn how to create your own custom brushes. If you are having trouble creating nice curves in a shape, experiment with the Curvature Tool to produce better results. P. P. Curvature tool: Shift + ~ Shift + ~ Blob Brush tool. close the shape. This Adobe Illustrator course trains learners in the main concepts underlying shapes and colors. B. Make your ideas come to life. Jumia Egypt – Biggest Online Shopping Website. Found inside – Page 113To close a path while drawing with the Pen tool, click the first anchor you created. A closed path is one with no specific start or end anchor. » With the Pen tool selected, hold down the Alt key (Windows) or Option key (Mac) to toggle ... My name is Simona Pfreundner, and I’m an independent graphic designer based in Montreal, Canada. To use the curvature tool, you need to specify 3 points: start point, handle, and end point. Illustrator tutorial : curvature tool, how to create amazing curve designs, use with repeat, use with width, use with brushes, symbols and more Click on the image with the mouse where you want to start drawing the path. Found insideAn American bioengineering research firm erects a theme park on a Caribbean island, complete with living dinosaurs, and invites a group of scientists to be its first terrified guests. How to draw anything using the Curvature Tool in Adobe Illustrator 9. Found insideWith Emmy award-winning, longtime PBS host Mark Kistler as your guide, you'll learn the secrets of sophisticated three-dimensional renderings, and have fun along the way -- in just twenty minutes a day for a month. How to Make a Dotted Line in Illustrator Step 1: Create a circle using the Ellipse Tool Step 2: Drag the Circle into the Brushes Palette Step 3: Tweak the Scatter Brush Options Settings Step 4: Create a Path and Assign the New Brush Resources & More Information In the next video, let's get into some super advanced Pen Tool stuff. Found inside – Page 163Tip: You could also convert between corner and smooth points by doubleclicking an anchor point (or Option-clicking [Mac OS], Alt-clicking [Windows]) with the Curvature tool. b Note: If you don't drag directly from the end of the ... To add an anchor point on existing path, click on the path with the Curvature tool to add the anchor point at that position. The 11 project-based step-by-step lessons in this book show users the key techniques for working in Animate. Found insideA guide to Adobe Illustrator CS6 covers such topics as creating and managing documents, drawing, coloring artwork, working with typography and images, and preparing graphics for the Web. Creating curves with the pen tool in Adobe Illustrator is a good challenge. BrianWoodTraining.com—Instead of fighting with the Pen tool, you can create and edit curves in Adobe Illustrator CC 2014.1+ easily with the Curvature tool. These and other updates will be covered in this article this article.
You can use the Curvature Tool on one or several edges or corners to change a square … I'm Jason Hoppy, and I am going to be walking you through how to use the pen tool. Design your own graphics, without any experience. I'm trying to trace over a series of photos using the curvature pen tool but Illustrator keeps freezing up . I love the simplicity of the Curvature pen tool in photoshop. Nestled right next to the Pen tool in the Tools panel, the Curvature tool shares the same basic pen icon as the Pen tool, but with a little squiggle to set it apart (see Figure 5 ). An illustrator. To delete an anchor point on a path, click on it with the Curvature tool and press the delete key on your keyboard. Adding curve to the curve. Step 1 - Draw a basic straight line The Curvature tool takes a redesigned approach to drawing paths in Illustrator. Rectangle Tool (M) The name clearly states what this the tool will do for you (obviously it will draw a … If you hold alt before typing on a shape or path, you type inside the path. Found insideRUBBERBANDING PREFERENCES Previously the rubberbanding preferences for Curvature and Pen tools were the same and one couldn't be changed alone. This posed many functional restrictions for Illustrator users. Therefore, in Adobe 2105 you ... Can’t wait to see the rest! ... To select a width point, you can click the width point, the width point handles, or the handle end points. Drag in the document to create a path with the Pencil tool. If you click on the same corner or edge once again, it will revert back to the previous angular edge. Learn more. In the new release, you will get access to online library, where you can save the graphics, text, brushes and use them in other documents and applications. Master Illustrator's defining feature: creating and editing drawings by defining anchor points and the paths between them. Plus, the book features an art gallery displaying professional work to help illustrate the lessons and inspire you. Made up of a diverse range of our most useful tools it holds the record as our most popular plugin. Step 15 At the tip of the curve, hover over the point and click to reset the angle. Back to the top. Within "Vector Scribe" is a tool called "Path Scribe" and this allows you to retract the handles of all points you have selected at one time. The only way I know how to accomplish this is with a plug-in for Illustrator called "Vector Scribe" by Astute Graphics. Sorry for the delay in response, could you please confirm if you are using a mouse to draw on Illustrator or you are using a drawing tablet with a... Let go of Control so you see the Hand tool and immediately start dragging the mouse so you don't end up typing spaces. To make sure this is not the case, try reducing your font size and turning your device to a landscape view. This should cause the full URL to appear. I bet you, you're going to find some nice things about it. As you draw, return to the beginning of the path to close it and make a shape. Pen tool. Learn useful keyboard shortcuts and best practices. Now pointer movement affects the shape of the curve between the two points. Watch the video as Martin creates a path around a curved beer bottle. Mastering advanced Illustrator tools and techniques; ... the Pen tool, Curvature tool and all the different ways you can draw and manipulate paths. With Curvature tool selected, adjust anchor points on a path by clicking and dragging to reposition them. It might be easier to begin with the Rectangle (M) or Ellipse Tool (L). Type Tools and Typography. In this Coffee Break Course, you will learn how easy and useful the Curvature Tool is. By Robin Mansur. Powerful tools, such as Shape-Builder, the Pen Tool, Curvature Tool, Selection Tools, and Layers, allow for quick graphic creation. In the dialog box, click a square on the Reference Point Locator to determine the point from which the arc is drawn. First, you’ll learn the basics of the Curvature tool: how to set your preferences for this tool and how to draw curves. This edition has been thoroughly updated for Illustrator CS5 and includes techniques on using the new perspective tools to draw, move, scale or duplicate objects in perspective. hold down the “alt” key then click here, and here. Then we will merge this body with the face. This … To close the path, position the pointer over the original point you created, and click when a circle appears next to the pointer icon. Learn how to use Illustrator to create beautiful designs using your newfound understanding of shapes and colors. Stop fussing over … Select Type Tool (T) on the Toolbar. The other method suggested here would work, but it’s much quicker and easier to use the “Arc” tool. The quickest way to fix that is, with it selected with the 'Black Arrow' hold 'Command' on a Mac, or 'Control' on a PC, and hit '2'. So let’s start one step at a time: 1. Click somewhere on the artboard. Now you need to select the blend tool and click on both paths Create curves with pen tool in Illustrator. When you select the Curvature tool and move the pointer into the document window, an asterisk appears next to the Curvature … Select the Curvature Tool next to the Pen Tool and click on one of the corners or edges of your shape. It just locks it. Learn Illustrator from the start the way a professional would use it. Mastering advanced Illustrator tools and techniques; ... the Pen tool, Curvature tool and all the different ways you can draw and manipulate paths. If you click and hold or right-click on the type tool, you can find specifically Type on a Path tools, but you don’t necessarily need to select those. Design, code, video editing, business, and much more. Found insideThis book is like having your own personal tutor teaching you this leading illustration software app, with lessons written by Jennifer Smith, an expert instructor at American Graphics Institute. • Includes 14 self-paced lessons that take ... Understand what the drawing tools create. Practice everything you learn with provided Exercise Files. Found insideTip: You can turn off the pixel grid by choosing Illustrator CC > Preferences > Guides & Grid (macOS) or Edit ... the creation tools affected by Snap To Pixel are the Pen tool, the Curvature tool, shape tools like the Ellipse tool and ... 4/16/09 3:31 PM. Found inside – Page 129In this exercise, you will create hinged curves, lines that curve in the same direction; in this case, they will all curve up like a scallop. You will now complete Exercise 4. 1 Select the Pen tool from the Tools panel and position your ...Combat Roach Bait Active Ingredient, White House Middle School Directory, What Causes Rpm Database Corruption, Fagin Oliver Twist Full Name, Sompo Travel Insurance Covid, Interstate Battery 12v Deep Cycle, Music Business Copyright,